Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 03 01 1 7 EN Mojtaba Moosavian Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of MedicalSciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. AND Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz, IR Iran. Maryam Torabipour Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz, IR Iran 2016 08 07 2016 08 07 Introduction: One of the most important agents in hospital-acquired infections is Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin has recently been more difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible presence of vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and vancomycin- resistant S. aureus (VRSA) and also to determine the frequency of MRSA in clinical specimens. Methods: In this study, 195 S. aureus isolates were collected from the patients were examined. All of the isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests. Susceptibility of S. aureus isolates against 10 antibiotics was detected by disk diffusion method and was followed by E-test and vancomycin screen agar methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was determined according to the CLSI guidelines. Also, detection of mecA gene was performed by PCR and finally, the results were compared. Results: All of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (i.e. MIC range of vancomycin was between 0.25-2 µg/ml). Out of 195 S. aureus isolates, 99 isolates (50.8%) were resistant to methicillin, and mecA gene was detected in 96 isolates. These results also showed that the highest and lowest resistance rate of isolates was to penicillin (96.9%) and chloramphenicol (0%), respectively. Conclusion: Our findings showed that vancomycin can still be used as a valuable drug for treatment of S. aureus infections in our region. However, periodic evaluation of vancomycin MIC of S. aureus isolates is critical for monitoring MRSA and preventing the spread of VISA or VRSA among patients. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/168 https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/download/168/114

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 01 07 8 14 EN Fatemeh Andalibi Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Student Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Fatahi Bafghi Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parvin Heidarieh Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Masoumeh Rasouli Nasab Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shadi Habibnia Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Pourmand Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyyed Saeed Eshraghi Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2016 08 08 2016 08 08 Introduction: Nocardia is saprophytic soil bacterium of the actinomycetes families. Nocardia has high diversity of species and due to species diversity of Nocardia, phenotypic tests are essential for early identification of Nocardia species. Methods: 155 soil samples from different regions of North Khorasan province in Iran were collected, including: urban and rural areas. Isolation of Nocardia was performed by paraffin baiting Technique. Identification of Nocardia species was performed by phenotypic methods that are including: hydrolysis of the amino acids, acid production of carbohydrates and, growth at 35° C and 45°C. Results: 11 Nocardia species (7%) were identified . These bacteria were related to the gardens, the sands soils, and soil of town square. No growth was observed at 45°C. As the result, our isolates were identified as Nocardia asteroides complex. Conclusion: Isolation and identification of Nocardia spp. from soil of different regions in North Khorasan province in Iran can help to enhance our understanding of epidemiological and ecological of the pathogenic Nocardia species. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/176 https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/download/176/121

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 01 14 15 20 EN Ali Ahmadi Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farzaneh khodaei Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Esghaei Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholamreza Irajian Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. Malihe Talebi Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran. 2016 08 08 2016 08 08 Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae cause morbidity and mortality in infants and younger children. Because of high prevalence of penicillin resistance, rapid and reliable diagnostic techniques for penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSSP) are important for prevention and treatment. We investigated the association of the restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns for pbp2b to distinguish between penicillin susceptible and resistant S. pneumoniae isolates. Methods: In this study, a total of 70 pneumococcal isolates were collected from different clinical sources. MIC of these isolates was determined and pbp2b gene was amplified by PCR and they were digested by HaeІІІ enzyme. Results: Of the 70 isolates, 86% (60) and 14% (10) pneumococcal isolates were found to be PNSSP (penicillin intermediate S. pneumoniae (PISP) and penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP)) and penicillin susceptible S. pneumoniae (PSSP). In addition, 10 RFLP patterns (A-J) which were based on the HaeІІІ digestion of pbp2b gene were observed. All PSSP isolates showed that they belonged to pattern D, whereas, all PNSSP showed 10 different patterns. Conclusion: In general, the present study suggests that RFLP can be a powerful tool in differentiation between the penicillin resistant and susceptible strains. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/177 https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/download/177/122

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 03 02 21 26 EN Hassan Hashemi Health Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mahdi Safari Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Abbas Khodabakhshi Health Faculty, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahr-e-kord, Iran. 2016 08 07 2016 08 07 Introduction: Antibiotics have the potential to adversely affect the microbial community. For anaerobic digestion, a sufficient methanogenic population needs to be preserved in the system. The main aim of this study was determination of inhibitory concentration of oxytetracycline on methanogenic bacteria. Methods: A 120 mL jacketed bioreactor with a 90 mL working volume was inoculated granular sludge from an anaerobic digester, substrate and different concentration of oxytetracycline with 10 days cycles and intermittent mixing. The reactor was operated at 35 ± 2 ° C. The inhibitory effect of antibiotic was evaluated by monitoring biogas production. Results: Based on the findings from each batch, complete inhibitory concentration of oxy tetracycline was in concentration of 800 mg L-1. Significant relation was seen between inoculated antibiotic concentrations and methane production (r=-0.86). Conclusion: The addition of antibiotics to the biomass affected the utilization of fatty acids, resulting in unfavorable effects on methanogenesis. Thus, overusing of antibiotics can adverse effects of intestinal flora. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/171 https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/download/171/117

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 03 03 35 42 EN Reza Khashei Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran. Hadi Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Motamedifar Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran AND Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mehrdad Zalipour Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran. Jamal Sarvari Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran. 2016 08 08 2016 08 08 Introduction: Biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus is known as one of the major causative agents of infections, failure of implanted devices and persistent infection among hospitalized patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of biofilm producing S. aureus isolates amongst the clinical specimens. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012 to 2013 in two teaching hospitals in Shiraz, southwest of Iran. Totally, 345 S. aureus isolates from various clinical specimens were included. Biofilm producing isolates were phenotypically detected using Congo Red Agar (CRA) and genotypically by PCR assay for the icaA and icaD genes. Results: Of the 345 S. aureus isolates, 42.3% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and subsequently 57.7% were methicillin susceptible isolates. The results of CRA plates showed that 77 (52.7%) and 74 (37.2%) of MRSA and MSSA were biofilm producing isolates. The frequency of icaA/D genes among MRSA and MSSA isolates was 127 (87%) and 167 (83.9%), respectively. Conclusion: Such a high rate of icaA/D harboring S. aureus among clinical isolates suggest the risk for establishing persistent infections in the hospital settings. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/173 https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/download/173/118

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 02 03 27 34 EN Rashid Ramazanzadeh Cellular& Molecular Research Center and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Samaneh Rouhi Cellular& Molecular Research Center and Microbiology Department, Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Pegah Shakib Cellular& Molecular Research Center and Microbiology Department, Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. 2016 08 08 Introduction: ESBLs are a B -lactamases which had ability to hydrolyse third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam. ESBLs producer bacteria are resistant to a wide variety of antimicrobials and they made a serious global health concern for treatment strategies. So, aim of this study as to molecular detection of ESBLs in bacteria isolated from blood cultures in hospitals from Kurdistan Province, Iran. Methods: Biochemical test, antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc method, ESBL detection by NCCLs Phenotypic and PCR method for ESBL detection were applied. Results were analyzed by using SPSS 11.5 (p < 0.05). Results: 96 S. epidermidis isolated from blood cultures, E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., C. freundii, S. maltophilia, also S. aureus, and S.epidermis. Maximum resistance was 75% for CP and minimum resistance was 25% for GM. Of the 96 isolates, 20 (20.83%) produced ESBLs. Also 11.46%, 20.83%, 12.5%, 9.38% and 2.08% were positive for TEM, CTX-M, SHV, OXA-1 and OXA-2 ensymes, respectively. Conclusion: Inappropriate therapy for infections with ESBL producers is cause of prolongs hospital stay and mortality. So, more research on drug resistance with ESBL is necessary. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/172

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 02 04 43 52 EN Ahmadreza Zarifian Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Yasin Setayesh Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Emran Askari Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Aminreza Amini Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Mohammad Rahbar Department of Microbiology, Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Deputy of Health, Ministry of Health and MedicalEducation, Tehran, Iran. AND Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahboubeh Naderinasab Microbiology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. 2016 08 08 2016 08 08 Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent human pathogen. One of the drugs used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections (particularly infections of skin and soft tissue), is clindamycin. Resistance to clindamycin includes two types: inducible and constitutive. Routine laboratory methods of antibiotic susceptibility testing cannot detect the inducible type and Dtest is required for its detection. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the relative prevalence of this type of resistance in Iran. Methods: Search terms "inducible clindamycin resistant", "D-test", "Staphylococcus aureus" and "Iran" were used to find relevant articles in PubMed, Google Scholar and two Persian search engines. Also, the abstracts of the recent national microbiology congresses were checked. All studies used D-test to find iMLSB (inducible macrolide, lincosamide and streptograminB resistance) phenotype among clinical isolates (not nasal swabs) of S. aureus, were included. In order to perform meta-analysis, we used “comprehensive meta-analysis” software (ver. 2). Results: In total, 9 articles and 8 abstracts related to the topic of the study were found. Random effects meta-analyses showed a pooled estimate for percentage of iMLSB phenotype among 2683 samples of S. aureus was about 10% (95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.12). Using the fixed effect model, the odds of positive iMLSB in methicillin-resistant S. aureus was about 5 times more likely to occur in comparison with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (95% CI: 3.49 to 7.76). Conclusion: Fortunately, the relative frequency of inducible resistance to clindamycin in our country is relatively low. However, we believe that D-test should be performed for all erythromicin-resistant isolates in order to identify inducible resistance to clindamycin. Moreover, reevaluation of inducible resistance to clindamycin in forthcoming years is highly recommended. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/174 https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/download/174/119

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Medical Bacteriology 2251-8649 4 1-2 2015 01 17 53 57 EN Mohammad Bokaeian Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. Barat Ali Fakheri Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Nafise Mahdi Nejad Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Mehdi Hassansahian Departments of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Saeide Saeidi Institute of Agriculture Biotechnology, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. 2016 08 08 2016 08 08 Introduction: Due to more resistance of pathogenic bacteria to new and current antibiotics researchers are looking to find the agents of herbal with antimicrobial activities in order to replace chemical drugs. Methods: The herbal extract of Withani somnifera was done by using a rotary vacuum, 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from urinary infections hospitalized patients in city of Zabol hospital. The MIC Withani somnifera were determined by dilution method in various concentrations. Sensitivity of strains to multiple antibiotics was evaluated by standard disk diffusion Kirby-Bauer. Results: The result showed that P. aeruginosa were resistance to 4 of the agents including ampicillin (85%), nitrofurantoin (65%), nalidixic acid (65%), ciprofloxacin (15%) and for 5 strains of Pseudomonas showed MIC with activity of 100 ppm. Conclusion: This study has suggested the effect of winter cherry extract on P. aeruginosa in the in vitro assay. It s effectiveness of on in vivo system can be examined in future. https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/view/175 https://jmb.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jmb/article/download/175/120