Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Saffron Petals on Some Bacterial Pathogens
Abstract
Background: Saffron is an interesting minor spice with a food coloring history and its active components have shown several useful pharmacological effects such as antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, radical scavenger effects, learning and memory-improving effects, anti-Alzheimer, antipruritic, etc. Because of negative consumer perception of chemical preservatives, attention is shifting towards natural alternatives. Particular interest has been focused on the potential application of plant essential oils. The aim of the present study was undertaken to evaluate the interaction of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petals and different concentrations of it against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petals and different concentrations of extract (60, 90, 120 mg/ml) by a blank sterilized disc diffusion test was assessed against four different gram-positive and negative bacterial pathogens. Also, a full randomized factorial design experiment was conducted with three replications. The statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by LSD test for multiple comparisons.
Results: The results of ANOVA showed that saffron petals hydroalcoholic extract and antibiotics were an effective on all tested bacterial strains and the most effective antibacterial properties has been observed on Listeria monocytogenes followed by Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activities of concentration of saffron petals hydroalcoholic extract was not significant on E. coli, but was significant on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Also, it was shown that the increases of the concentration of the extract caused higher antibacterial effects. The highest antibacterial effect of saffron petals hydroalcoholic extract was 120 mg which was observed against the L. monocytogenes. Saffron petals hydroalcoholic extract showed more antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that saffron petals extract has considerable potential as a herbal-base antimicrobial compound.
1. Omidi A, Rahdari S and Fard M H. A preliminary study on antioxidant activities of saffron petal extracts in lambs. Veterinary Science Development 2014; 4(1):1-4.
2. Bhargava V. Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Crocus sativus linn (saffron). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011; 3(Suppl 3):22-6.
3. Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in daily nutrition and human health. Nutrition 2017; 33:311-21.
4. Rezaei-Nasab M, Komeili G, Fazeli-Nasab B. Gastroprotective effects of aqueous and hydroalcholic extract of Scrophularia striata on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2017; 9(5):84-93.
5. Sánchez-Vioque R, Santana-Méridas O, Polissiou M, et al. Polyphenol composition and in vitro antiproliferative effect of corm, tepal and leaf from Crocus sativus L. on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). J funct foods 2016; 24:18-25.
6. Feizy J, Reyhani N. Gas chromatographic determination of phytosterols and fatty acids profile in saffron petals. Can Chem Trans 2016; 4(3):389-97.
7. Moshiri M, Vahabzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H. Clinical applications of saffron (Crocus sativus) and its constituents: a review. Drug
Res 2015; 65(6):287-95.
8. Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR, Ziaee T, et al. Protective effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and crocin, its active constituent, on renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative damage in rats. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2005; 8(3):387-93.
9. Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13(10):572-84.
10. Khan H, Jawad M, Kamal MA, et al. Evidence and prospective of plant derived flavonoids as antiplatelet agents: Strong candidates to be drugs of future. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:355-67.
11. Fazeli-Nasab B, Mirzaei N. Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content in a wide range of local and imported plants. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2018; 26(2):141-54.
12. Premkumar K, Abraham SK, Santhiya S, et al. Protective effects of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on genotoxins-induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Phytother Res 2003; 17(6):614-17.
13. Mohammadi D, Fazeli-Nasab B. Overview medicinal properties and hazards of saffron stigma and petals with an emphasis on the anti-tumor effects and lowers blood pressure. In: The 3nd national conference of medicinal herbs and stable agriculture, Iran.
14. Noorbala A, Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, et al. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97(2):281-4.
15. Fernández J-A. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent Res Dev Plant Sci 2004; 2: 127-59.
16. Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC pharmacol 2002;
2(1):7.
17. Fatehi M, Rashidabady T, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z. Effects of Crocus sativus petals’ extract on rat blood pressure and on responses induced by electrical field stimulation in the rat isolated vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84(2-3): 199-203.
18. Zhang Z, Wang CZ, Wen X-D, et al. Role of saffron and its constituents on cancer chemoprevention. Pharm Biol 2013; 51(7):920-4.
19. Bukhari SI, Manzoor M, Dhar M. A comprehensive review of the pharmacological potential of Crocus sativus and its bioactive apocarotenoids. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98: 733-45.
20. Modaghegh MH, Shahabian M, Esmaeili HA, et al. Safety evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus) tablets in healthy volunteers. Phytomedicine 2008; 15(12):1032-7.
21. Ramadan A, Soliman G, Mahmoud SS, et al. Evaluation of the safety and antioxidant activities of Crocus sativus and Propolis ethanolic extracts. J Saudi Chem Soc 2012; 16(1):13-21.
22. Kianbakht S. A systematic review on pharmacology of saffron and its active constituents. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2008; 4(28):1-27.
23. Abe K, Saito H. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother res 2000; 14(3):149-52.
24. Soeda S, Ochiai T, Paopong L, et al. Crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α-induced cell death of neuronally differentiated PC-12 cells. Life sci 2001; 69(24):2887-98.
25. Wilburn AJ, King DS, Glisson J, et al. The natural treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 2004; 6(5): 242-8.
26. Davari A, Solouki M, Fazeli-Nasab B. Effects of jasmonic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on process of changes of phytochemical and antioxidant in
genotypes of Satureja hortensis L. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 2018; 5(4):1-20.
27. Fazeli-Nasab B, Rahnama M, Mazarei A. Correlation between antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of nine medicinal plant extracts. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2017; 27(149):63-78.
28. Heatley N. A method for the assay of penicillin. Biochemical Journal 1944; 38(1):61-5.
29. Bauer A, Kirby W, Sherris JC, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966; 45(4): 493-6.
30. Freixa B, Vila R, Vargas L, et al. Screening for antifungal activity of nineteen Latin American plants. Phytother res 1998; 12(6):427-30.
31. Salie F, Eagles P, Leng H. Preliminary antimicrobial screening of four South African Asteraceae species. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 52(1):27-33.
32. Bariş Ö, Güllüce M, ŞAHİN F, et al. Biological activities of the essential oil and methanol extract of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). Turk J Biol 2006; 30(2):65-73.
33. Regiater F. Rules and regulations. Antibiotic susceptibility disks: correction. Fed Regist 1973; 38:2576-84.
34. Jahan N, Khatoon R, Shahzad A, et al. Comparison of antibacterial activity of parent plant of Tylophora indica Merr. with its in vitro raised plant and leaf callus. Afr J Biotechnol 2013; 12(31):4891-6.
35. Abubakar LA, Mwangi CM, Uku JU, et al. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of the sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, (Echinoidea). AJPT 2012; 1(1):19-23.
36. Statistix R. Statistix 10 Analytical Software. Tallahassee, FL USA 2013.
37. Rios J, Recio M. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 100(1-2):80-4.
38. Alzoreky N, Nakahara K. Antibacterial
activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 80(3):223-30.
39. Ali NA, Jülich WD, Kusnick C, et al. Screening of Yemeni medicinal plants for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 74(2):173-9.
40. Fazeli-Nasab B, Sirousmehr A, Mirzaei N, et al. Evaluation of total phenolic, flavenoeid content and antioxidant activity of Leaf and Fruit in 14 different genotypes of Ziziphus mauritiana L. in south of Iran. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 2017; 4(4):1-14.
41. Bhakuni DS, Dhar M, Dhar M, et al. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part II. Indian J Exp Biol 1969; 7: 250-62.
42. Nostro A, Germano M, D’angelo V, et al. Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 30(5):379-84.
43. Nascimento GG, Locatelli J, Freitas PC, et al. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz J Microbiol 2000; 31(4):247-56.
44. Khan A, Jan G, Khan A, et al. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Ephedra gerardiana (root and stem) crude extract and fractions. Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 2017:4040254.
45. Walter C, Shinwari ZK, Afzal I, et al. Antibacterial activity in herbal products used in Pakistan. Pak J Bot 2011; 43:155-62.
46. Acar G, Dogan NM, Duru ME, et al. Phenolic profiles, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the various extracts of Crocus species in Anatolia. Afr J Microbiol Res 2010; 4(11):1154-1161.
47. Sengul M, Yildiz H, Gungor N, et al. Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plants. PJPS 2009; 22(1):102-6.
48. Vahidi H, Kamalinejad M, Sedaghati N. Antimicrobial properties of Croccus sativus L. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2010; 1(1):33-5.
49. Gao Y, van Belkum MJ, Stiles ME. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria inhibits antibacterial activity of brochocin-C. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65(10):4329-33.
50. Zaidan M, Noor Rain A, Badrul A, et al. In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Trop biomed 2005; 22(2):165-70.
51. Bruna E, Fernandes B, Borges A, et al. Effects of the eucalyptus litter extracts on microbial growth. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira (Brazil) 1989; 24(12):1523-8.
52. Carvalho V, Melo V, Aguiar A, et al. Toxicity evaluation of medicinal plant extracts by the brine shrump (Arthenus salina Leah) Biossay. Ciência e Cultura 1988; 40:1109-11.
2. Bhargava V. Medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of Crocus sativus linn (saffron). Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2011; 3(Suppl 3):22-6.
3. Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in daily nutrition and human health. Nutrition 2017; 33:311-21.
4. Rezaei-Nasab M, Komeili G, Fazeli-Nasab B. Gastroprotective effects of aqueous and hydroalcholic extract of Scrophularia striata on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2017; 9(5):84-93.
5. Sánchez-Vioque R, Santana-Méridas O, Polissiou M, et al. Polyphenol composition and in vitro antiproliferative effect of corm, tepal and leaf from Crocus sativus L. on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). J funct foods 2016; 24:18-25.
6. Feizy J, Reyhani N. Gas chromatographic determination of phytosterols and fatty acids profile in saffron petals. Can Chem Trans 2016; 4(3):389-97.
7. Moshiri M, Vahabzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H. Clinical applications of saffron (Crocus sativus) and its constituents: a review. Drug
Res 2015; 65(6):287-95.
8. Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR, Ziaee T, et al. Protective effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and crocin, its active constituent, on renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative damage in rats. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2005; 8(3):387-93.
9. Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13(10):572-84.
10. Khan H, Jawad M, Kamal MA, et al. Evidence and prospective of plant derived flavonoids as antiplatelet agents: Strong candidates to be drugs of future. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:355-67.
11. Fazeli-Nasab B, Mirzaei N. Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content in a wide range of local and imported plants. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2018; 26(2):141-54.
12. Premkumar K, Abraham SK, Santhiya S, et al. Protective effects of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on genotoxins-induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Phytother Res 2003; 17(6):614-17.
13. Mohammadi D, Fazeli-Nasab B. Overview medicinal properties and hazards of saffron stigma and petals with an emphasis on the anti-tumor effects and lowers blood pressure. In: The 3nd national conference of medicinal herbs and stable agriculture, Iran.
14. Noorbala A, Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, et al. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97(2):281-4.
15. Fernández J-A. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent Res Dev Plant Sci 2004; 2: 127-59.
16. Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC pharmacol 2002;
2(1):7.
17. Fatehi M, Rashidabady T, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z. Effects of Crocus sativus petals’ extract on rat blood pressure and on responses induced by electrical field stimulation in the rat isolated vas deferens and guinea-pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84(2-3): 199-203.
18. Zhang Z, Wang CZ, Wen X-D, et al. Role of saffron and its constituents on cancer chemoprevention. Pharm Biol 2013; 51(7):920-4.
19. Bukhari SI, Manzoor M, Dhar M. A comprehensive review of the pharmacological potential of Crocus sativus and its bioactive apocarotenoids. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98: 733-45.
20. Modaghegh MH, Shahabian M, Esmaeili HA, et al. Safety evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus) tablets in healthy volunteers. Phytomedicine 2008; 15(12):1032-7.
21. Ramadan A, Soliman G, Mahmoud SS, et al. Evaluation of the safety and antioxidant activities of Crocus sativus and Propolis ethanolic extracts. J Saudi Chem Soc 2012; 16(1):13-21.
22. Kianbakht S. A systematic review on pharmacology of saffron and its active constituents. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2008; 4(28):1-27.
23. Abe K, Saito H. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother res 2000; 14(3):149-52.
24. Soeda S, Ochiai T, Paopong L, et al. Crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α-induced cell death of neuronally differentiated PC-12 cells. Life sci 2001; 69(24):2887-98.
25. Wilburn AJ, King DS, Glisson J, et al. The natural treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 2004; 6(5): 242-8.
26. Davari A, Solouki M, Fazeli-Nasab B. Effects of jasmonic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on process of changes of phytochemical and antioxidant in
genotypes of Satureja hortensis L. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 2018; 5(4):1-20.
27. Fazeli-Nasab B, Rahnama M, Mazarei A. Correlation between antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of nine medicinal plant extracts. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2017; 27(149):63-78.
28. Heatley N. A method for the assay of penicillin. Biochemical Journal 1944; 38(1):61-5.
29. Bauer A, Kirby W, Sherris JC, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966; 45(4): 493-6.
30. Freixa B, Vila R, Vargas L, et al. Screening for antifungal activity of nineteen Latin American plants. Phytother res 1998; 12(6):427-30.
31. Salie F, Eagles P, Leng H. Preliminary antimicrobial screening of four South African Asteraceae species. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 52(1):27-33.
32. Bariş Ö, Güllüce M, ŞAHİN F, et al. Biological activities of the essential oil and methanol extract of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). Turk J Biol 2006; 30(2):65-73.
33. Regiater F. Rules and regulations. Antibiotic susceptibility disks: correction. Fed Regist 1973; 38:2576-84.
34. Jahan N, Khatoon R, Shahzad A, et al. Comparison of antibacterial activity of parent plant of Tylophora indica Merr. with its in vitro raised plant and leaf callus. Afr J Biotechnol 2013; 12(31):4891-6.
35. Abubakar LA, Mwangi CM, Uku JU, et al. Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of the sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, (Echinoidea). AJPT 2012; 1(1):19-23.
36. Statistix R. Statistix 10 Analytical Software. Tallahassee, FL USA 2013.
37. Rios J, Recio M. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 100(1-2):80-4.
38. Alzoreky N, Nakahara K. Antibacterial
activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 80(3):223-30.
39. Ali NA, Jülich WD, Kusnick C, et al. Screening of Yemeni medicinal plants for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 74(2):173-9.
40. Fazeli-Nasab B, Sirousmehr A, Mirzaei N, et al. Evaluation of total phenolic, flavenoeid content and antioxidant activity of Leaf and Fruit in 14 different genotypes of Ziziphus mauritiana L. in south of Iran. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 2017; 4(4):1-14.
41. Bhakuni DS, Dhar M, Dhar M, et al. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part II. Indian J Exp Biol 1969; 7: 250-62.
42. Nostro A, Germano M, D’angelo V, et al. Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 30(5):379-84.
43. Nascimento GG, Locatelli J, Freitas PC, et al. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz J Microbiol 2000; 31(4):247-56.
44. Khan A, Jan G, Khan A, et al. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Ephedra gerardiana (root and stem) crude extract and fractions. Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 2017:4040254.
45. Walter C, Shinwari ZK, Afzal I, et al. Antibacterial activity in herbal products used in Pakistan. Pak J Bot 2011; 43:155-62.
46. Acar G, Dogan NM, Duru ME, et al. Phenolic profiles, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the various extracts of Crocus species in Anatolia. Afr J Microbiol Res 2010; 4(11):1154-1161.
47. Sengul M, Yildiz H, Gungor N, et al. Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some medicinal plants. PJPS 2009; 22(1):102-6.
48. Vahidi H, Kamalinejad M, Sedaghati N. Antimicrobial properties of Croccus sativus L. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2010; 1(1):33-5.
49. Gao Y, van Belkum MJ, Stiles ME. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria inhibits antibacterial activity of brochocin-C. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65(10):4329-33.
50. Zaidan M, Noor Rain A, Badrul A, et al. In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Trop biomed 2005; 22(2):165-70.
51. Bruna E, Fernandes B, Borges A, et al. Effects of the eucalyptus litter extracts on microbial growth. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira (Brazil) 1989; 24(12):1523-8.
52. Carvalho V, Melo V, Aguiar A, et al. Toxicity evaluation of medicinal plant extracts by the brine shrump (Arthenus salina Leah) Biossay. Ciência e Cultura 1988; 40:1109-11.
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| Issue | Vol 8 No 5-6 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
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| Crocus sativus E. coli L. monocytogenes S. aureus S. typhimurium. | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Fazeli Nasab B. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Saffron Petals on Some Bacterial Pathogens. J Med Bacteriol. 2019;8(5-6):8-20.
