Antibacterial Activities of Ephedra sinica Herb Extract on Standard and Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Abstract
Background: Ephedra sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae) is one of the most important plants in traditional medicine and medicinally important as the botanical origin of crude drugs. The main active constituents of Ephedra sinica are the unique and taxonomically restricted adrenergic agonist’s phenylpropylamino alkaloids, also known as ephedrine alkaloids: norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine and methylpseudoephedrine.
Mthods: In this study, ethanolic and hydroalcoholic herb extract of Ephedra sinica was assayed against on standard and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria activities and then the MIC and MBC were assayed.
Results: The results were shown that the lowest MIC of ethanolic herb extract of Ephedra sinica on clinical and standard Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria respectively was 25 and 12.5 μg/ml but the lowest MIC of the hydroalcoholic herb extract were 25 and 25 μg/ml respectively. The lowest MBC of ethanolic herb extract on clinical and standard strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosawere 50 and 25 μg/ml, respectively. But, the lowest MBC of the hydroalcoholic herb extract against clinical and standard strains was 25 and 25 μg/ml.
Conclusion: Based on these results, suggest to antibacterial activity have to use hydroalcoholic herb extract that the toxicities of purified extracts of these plants need to study and hopefully improved traditional medicines will be developed.
1. Orejola J, Matsuo Y, Saito Y, et al. Characterization of Proanthocyanidin Oligomers of Ephedra sinica. Molecules 2017; 22(8):1308.
2. Okada T, Takahashi H, Suzuki Y, et al. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes in aerial stems and roots of Ephedra sinica based on high-throughput mRNA sequencing. Genomics data 2016; 10:4-11.
3. Zang X, Shang M, Xu F, et al. A-Type proanthocyanidins from the stems of Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae) and their antimicrobial activities. Molecules 2013; 18(5):5172-89.
4. Organization WH. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants: World Health Organization; 1999.
5. Morris JS, Groves RA, Hagel JM, et al. An N-methyltransferase from Ephedra sinica catalyzing the formation of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine enables microbial phenylalkylamine production. J Biol Chem 2018: jbc. RA118. 004067.
6. Liang S, Meng X, Wang Z, et al. Polysaccharide from Ephedra sinica Stapf inhibits inflammation expression by regulating Factor-β1/Smad2 signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:947-54.
7. Drew C, Knight G, Hughes D, et al. Comparison of the effects of D-(-)-ephedrine and L-(+)-pseudoephedrine on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in man. BJCP 1978; 6(3):221-5.
8. Aviado DM, Wnuck AL, De Beer EJ. Cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetic bronchodilators: epinephrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, isoproterenol, methoxyphenamine and isoprophenamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1958; 122(3):406-17.
9. Wang LL, Kakiuchi N, Mikage M. Studies of Ephedra plants in Asia. Part 6: Geographical changes of anatomical features and alkaloids content of Ephedra sinica. J Nat Med 2010; 64(1):63.
10. Liu YM, Sheu SJ, Chiou SH, et al. A comparative study of commercial samples of Ephedrae herba. Planta Med 1993; 59(04):376-8.
11. Westfall T, Westfall D. Goodman & Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics adrenergic agonists and antagonists. In: New York, McGraw-Hill; 2012.
12. Kim HK, Choi YH, Erkelens C, et al. Metabolic fingerprinting of Ephedra species using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and principal component analysis. Chem Pharm Bull 2005; 53(1):105-9.
13. De Bruyne T, Pieters L, Deelstra H, et al. Condensed vegetable tannins: biodiversity in structure and biological activities. Biochem Syst Ecol 1999; 27(4):445-59.
14. Keikhaie KR, Fazeli-Nasab B, Jahantigh H R, et al. Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Securigera securidaca, Withania sominefra, Rosmarinus officinalis and Aloe vera plants against important human pathogens. J Med Bacteriol 2018; 7(1-2):13-21.
15. Rezaei-Nasab M, Komeili G and Fazeli-Nasab B. Gastroprotective effects of aqueous and hydroalcholic extract of Scrophularia striata on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Pharm Lett 2017; 9(5):84-93.
16. Magos GA, Mateos JC, Páez E, et al. Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of the procyanidin fraction from Guazuma ulmifolia bark in normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 117(1):58-68.
17. Sanz M, Terencio M, Paya M. Isolation and hypotensive activity of a polymeric procyanidin fraction from Pistacia lentiscus L. Pharmazie 1992; 47(6):466-72.
18. Zeng X, Ma Y, Gu H, et al. The effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin on airway microenvironment in asthma. 2016; 48(60):PA4100.
19. Zhou DY, Fang SR, Zou CF, et al. Proanthocyanidin from grape seed extract inhibits airway inflammation and remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10(2):257-62.
20. Okawa M, Kinjo J, Nohara T, et al. DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of flavonoids obtained from some medicinal plants. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24(10):1202-5.
21. Li L, Yu CH, Ying HZ, et al. Antiviral effects of modified Dingchuan decoction against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in an immunosuppressive mouse model. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147(1):238-44.
22. Kim IS, Park YJ, Yoon SJ, et al. Ephedrannin A and B from roots of Ephedra sinica inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators by suppressing nuclear factor-κB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10(12):1616-25.
23. Kim SY, Son KH, Chang HW, et al. Inhibitory effects of plant extracts on adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arch Pharm Res 1997; 20(4):313.
24. Bagheri-Gavkosh S, Bigdeli M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, et al. Inhibitory effects of Ephedra major host on Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. Mycopathologia 2009; 168(5):249-55.
25. Park J, Lee H, Mun H, et al. Effect of ultrasonification process on enhancement of immuno-stimulatory activity of Ephedra sinica Stapf and Rubus coreanus Miq. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 2004; 19(2):113-7.
26. Chen R, Zhu G, Xu Z. Effect of different extracts from Ephedra on cell immunity. Journal of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2001; 4:1-15.
27. Nam NH, Lee CW, Hong DH, et al. Antiinvasive, antiangiogenic and antitumour activity of Ephedra sinica extract. Phytother Res 2003; 17(1):70-6.
28. Tao H, Wang L, Cui Z, et al. Dimeric proanthocyanidins from the roots of Ephedra sinica. Planta Med 2008; 74(15):1823-5.
29. Caveney S, Charlet DA, Freitag H, et al. New observations on the secondary chemistry of world Ephedra (Ephedraceae). Am J Bot 2001; 88(7):1199-208.
30. Yokozawa T, Fujioka K, Oura H, et al. Decrease in uraemic toxins, a newly found beneficial effect of Ephedrae herba. Phytother Res 1995; 9(5):382-4.
31. Padalia H, Moteriya P, Chanda S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from marigold flower and its synergistic antimicrobial potential. Arab. J. Chem 2015; 8(5):732-41.
32. Sadeghi B, Gholamhoseinpoor F. A study on the stability and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ziziphora tenuior (Zt) extract at room temperature. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 134:310-5.
33. Salari Z, Danafar F, Dabaghi S, et al. Sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using macroalgae Spirogyra varians and analysis of their antibacterial activity. J Saudi Chem Soc 2016; 20(4):459-4
34. Logeswari P, Silambarasan S, Abraham J. Ecofriendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles from commercially available plant powders and their antibacterial properties. Sci Iran 2013; 20(3):1049-54.
35. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, et al. A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. J Adv Res 2016; 7(1):17-28.
36. Sre PR, Reka M, Poovazhagi R, et al. Antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous root extract of Erythrina indica lam. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:1137-44.
37. Bindhu M, Umadevi M. Antibacterial and catalytic activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:373-8.
38. Veerasamy R, Xin TZ, Gunasagaran S, et al. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangosteen leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. J Saudi Chem Soc 2011; 15(2):113-20.
39. Logeswari P, Silambarasan S, Abraham J. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants extract and analysis of their antimicrobial property. J Saudi Chem Soc 2015; 19(3):311-7.
40. Khalil MM, Ismail EH, El-Baghdady KZ, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. Arab J Chem 2014; 7(6):1131-9.
41. Krishnaraj C, Jagan E, Rajasekar S, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 76(1): 50-6.
42. Nabikhan A, Kandasamy K, Raj A, et al. Synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles by callus and leaf extracts from saltmarsh plant, Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79(2): 488-93.
43. Dashtdar M, Dashtdar MR, Dashtdar B, et al. In-vitro, anti-bacterial activities of aqueous extracts of Acacia catechu (LF) Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and shilajita mumiyo against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. J pharmacopuncture 2013; 16(2):15-22.
44. Davari A, Solouki M, Fazeli-Nasab B. Effects of jasmonic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on process of changes of phytochemical and antioxidant in genotypes of Satureja hortensis L. EJMP 2018; 5(4):1-20.
45. Yu J, Lei J, Yu H, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Scutellaria barbata. Phytochemistry 2004; 65(7): 881-4.
46. Petrus E, Tinakumari S, Chai L, et al. A study on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of nano colloidal silver on food-borne pathogens. Int Food Res J 2011; 18(1):55-66.
47. Ab Rahim N, Zakaria N, Dzulkarnain S M H, et al. Antibacterial activity of Alstonia angustifolia leaf extract against Staphyloccoccal and Bacilli. Biomed Res 2019; 30(1):11-5.
48. Kannan S, Sathasivam G, Marudhamuthu M. Decrease of growth, biofilm and secreted virulence in opportunistic nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25619 by glycyrrhetinic acid. Microb Pathog 2019; 126:332-42.
49. Hassan A, Rahman S, Deeba F, et al. Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts having hepatoprotective effects. J Med Plants Res 2009; 3(1):020-3.
50. Arasu MV, Viayaraghavan P, Ilavenil S, et al. Essential oil of four medicinal plants and protective properties in plum fruits against the spoilage bacteria and fungi. Ind Crops Prod 2019; 133: 54-62.
51. Goldman P. Herbal medicines today and the roots of modern pharmacology. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135(8_Part_1):594-600.
52. Zenk MH, Juenger M. Evolution and current status of the phytochemistry of nitrogenous compounds. Phytochemistry 2007; 68(22-24):2757-72.
53. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants. Phytomedicine 2007; 14(4):289-300.
54. Bagherzade G, Tavakoli MM, Namaei MH. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) wastages and its antibacterial activity against six bacteria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7(3):227-33.
55. Mickymaray S, Al Aboody MS, Rath PK, et al. Screening and antibacterial efficacy of selected Indian medicinal plants. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016; 6(3):185-91.
56. Jancy ME, Inbathamizh L. Green synthesis and characterization of nano silver using leaf extract of Morinda Pubescens. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012; 5(Suppl 1):159-62.
57. Becker RO. Silver ions in the treatment of local infections. Met Based Drugs 1999; 6(4-5):311-4.
58. Fazeli-Nasab B, Mirzaei N. Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content in a wide range of local and imported plants. SJIMU 2018; 26(2):141-54.
59. Fazeli-Nasab B, Sirousmehr A, Mirzaei N, et al. Evaluation of total phenolic, flavenoeid content and antioxidant activity of Leaf and Fruit in 14 different genotypes of Ziziphus mauritiana L. in south of Iran. EJMP 2017; 4(4):1-14.
60. Tajkarimi M, Ibrahim SA, Cliver D. Antimicrobial herb and spice compounds in food. Food control 2010; 21(9):1199-218.
61. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods (a review). Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 94(3):223-53.
62. Mushore J, Matuvhunye M. Antibacterial properties of Mangifera indica on Staphylococcus aureus. Afr J Clin Exper Microbiol 2013; 14(2):62-74.
63. Rios JL, Recio MC, Villar A. Screening methods for natural products with antimicrobial activity: a review of the literature. J Ethnopharmacol 1988; 23(2-3):127-49.
2. Okada T, Takahashi H, Suzuki Y, et al. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes in aerial stems and roots of Ephedra sinica based on high-throughput mRNA sequencing. Genomics data 2016; 10:4-11.
3. Zang X, Shang M, Xu F, et al. A-Type proanthocyanidins from the stems of Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae) and their antimicrobial activities. Molecules 2013; 18(5):5172-89.
4. Organization WH. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants: World Health Organization; 1999.
5. Morris JS, Groves RA, Hagel JM, et al. An N-methyltransferase from Ephedra sinica catalyzing the formation of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine enables microbial phenylalkylamine production. J Biol Chem 2018: jbc. RA118. 004067.
6. Liang S, Meng X, Wang Z, et al. Polysaccharide from Ephedra sinica Stapf inhibits inflammation expression by regulating Factor-β1/Smad2 signaling. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:947-54.
7. Drew C, Knight G, Hughes D, et al. Comparison of the effects of D-(-)-ephedrine and L-(+)-pseudoephedrine on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in man. BJCP 1978; 6(3):221-5.
8. Aviado DM, Wnuck AL, De Beer EJ. Cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetic bronchodilators: epinephrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, isoproterenol, methoxyphenamine and isoprophenamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1958; 122(3):406-17.
9. Wang LL, Kakiuchi N, Mikage M. Studies of Ephedra plants in Asia. Part 6: Geographical changes of anatomical features and alkaloids content of Ephedra sinica. J Nat Med 2010; 64(1):63.
10. Liu YM, Sheu SJ, Chiou SH, et al. A comparative study of commercial samples of Ephedrae herba. Planta Med 1993; 59(04):376-8.
11. Westfall T, Westfall D. Goodman & Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics adrenergic agonists and antagonists. In: New York, McGraw-Hill; 2012.
12. Kim HK, Choi YH, Erkelens C, et al. Metabolic fingerprinting of Ephedra species using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and principal component analysis. Chem Pharm Bull 2005; 53(1):105-9.
13. De Bruyne T, Pieters L, Deelstra H, et al. Condensed vegetable tannins: biodiversity in structure and biological activities. Biochem Syst Ecol 1999; 27(4):445-59.
14. Keikhaie KR, Fazeli-Nasab B, Jahantigh H R, et al. Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Securigera securidaca, Withania sominefra, Rosmarinus officinalis and Aloe vera plants against important human pathogens. J Med Bacteriol 2018; 7(1-2):13-21.
15. Rezaei-Nasab M, Komeili G and Fazeli-Nasab B. Gastroprotective effects of aqueous and hydroalcholic extract of Scrophularia striata on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Pharm Lett 2017; 9(5):84-93.
16. Magos GA, Mateos JC, Páez E, et al. Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of the procyanidin fraction from Guazuma ulmifolia bark in normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 117(1):58-68.
17. Sanz M, Terencio M, Paya M. Isolation and hypotensive activity of a polymeric procyanidin fraction from Pistacia lentiscus L. Pharmazie 1992; 47(6):466-72.
18. Zeng X, Ma Y, Gu H, et al. The effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin on airway microenvironment in asthma. 2016; 48(60):PA4100.
19. Zhou DY, Fang SR, Zou CF, et al. Proanthocyanidin from grape seed extract inhibits airway inflammation and remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10(2):257-62.
20. Okawa M, Kinjo J, Nohara T, et al. DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of flavonoids obtained from some medicinal plants. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24(10):1202-5.
21. Li L, Yu CH, Ying HZ, et al. Antiviral effects of modified Dingchuan decoction against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in an immunosuppressive mouse model. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147(1):238-44.
22. Kim IS, Park YJ, Yoon SJ, et al. Ephedrannin A and B from roots of Ephedra sinica inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators by suppressing nuclear factor-κB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10(12):1616-25.
23. Kim SY, Son KH, Chang HW, et al. Inhibitory effects of plant extracts on adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arch Pharm Res 1997; 20(4):313.
24. Bagheri-Gavkosh S, Bigdeli M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, et al. Inhibitory effects of Ephedra major host on Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. Mycopathologia 2009; 168(5):249-55.
25. Park J, Lee H, Mun H, et al. Effect of ultrasonification process on enhancement of immuno-stimulatory activity of Ephedra sinica Stapf and Rubus coreanus Miq. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 2004; 19(2):113-7.
26. Chen R, Zhu G, Xu Z. Effect of different extracts from Ephedra on cell immunity. Journal of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2001; 4:1-15.
27. Nam NH, Lee CW, Hong DH, et al. Antiinvasive, antiangiogenic and antitumour activity of Ephedra sinica extract. Phytother Res 2003; 17(1):70-6.
28. Tao H, Wang L, Cui Z, et al. Dimeric proanthocyanidins from the roots of Ephedra sinica. Planta Med 2008; 74(15):1823-5.
29. Caveney S, Charlet DA, Freitag H, et al. New observations on the secondary chemistry of world Ephedra (Ephedraceae). Am J Bot 2001; 88(7):1199-208.
30. Yokozawa T, Fujioka K, Oura H, et al. Decrease in uraemic toxins, a newly found beneficial effect of Ephedrae herba. Phytother Res 1995; 9(5):382-4.
31. Padalia H, Moteriya P, Chanda S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from marigold flower and its synergistic antimicrobial potential. Arab. J. Chem 2015; 8(5):732-41.
32. Sadeghi B, Gholamhoseinpoor F. A study on the stability and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ziziphora tenuior (Zt) extract at room temperature. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 134:310-5.
33. Salari Z, Danafar F, Dabaghi S, et al. Sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using macroalgae Spirogyra varians and analysis of their antibacterial activity. J Saudi Chem Soc 2016; 20(4):459-4
34. Logeswari P, Silambarasan S, Abraham J. Ecofriendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles from commercially available plant powders and their antibacterial properties. Sci Iran 2013; 20(3):1049-54.
35. Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, et al. A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: a green expertise. J Adv Res 2016; 7(1):17-28.
36. Sre PR, Reka M, Poovazhagi R, et al. Antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous root extract of Erythrina indica lam. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:1137-44.
37. Bindhu M, Umadevi M. Antibacterial and catalytic activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:373-8.
38. Veerasamy R, Xin TZ, Gunasagaran S, et al. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangosteen leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. J Saudi Chem Soc 2011; 15(2):113-20.
39. Logeswari P, Silambarasan S, Abraham J. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants extract and analysis of their antimicrobial property. J Saudi Chem Soc 2015; 19(3):311-7.
40. Khalil MM, Ismail EH, El-Baghdady KZ, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. Arab J Chem 2014; 7(6):1131-9.
41. Krishnaraj C, Jagan E, Rajasekar S, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 76(1): 50-6.
42. Nabikhan A, Kandasamy K, Raj A, et al. Synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles by callus and leaf extracts from saltmarsh plant, Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79(2): 488-93.
43. Dashtdar M, Dashtdar MR, Dashtdar B, et al. In-vitro, anti-bacterial activities of aqueous extracts of Acacia catechu (LF) Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and shilajita mumiyo against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. J pharmacopuncture 2013; 16(2):15-22.
44. Davari A, Solouki M, Fazeli-Nasab B. Effects of jasmonic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on process of changes of phytochemical and antioxidant in genotypes of Satureja hortensis L. EJMP 2018; 5(4):1-20.
45. Yu J, Lei J, Yu H, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Scutellaria barbata. Phytochemistry 2004; 65(7): 881-4.
46. Petrus E, Tinakumari S, Chai L, et al. A study on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of nano colloidal silver on food-borne pathogens. Int Food Res J 2011; 18(1):55-66.
47. Ab Rahim N, Zakaria N, Dzulkarnain S M H, et al. Antibacterial activity of Alstonia angustifolia leaf extract against Staphyloccoccal and Bacilli. Biomed Res 2019; 30(1):11-5.
48. Kannan S, Sathasivam G, Marudhamuthu M. Decrease of growth, biofilm and secreted virulence in opportunistic nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25619 by glycyrrhetinic acid. Microb Pathog 2019; 126:332-42.
49. Hassan A, Rahman S, Deeba F, et al. Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts having hepatoprotective effects. J Med Plants Res 2009; 3(1):020-3.
50. Arasu MV, Viayaraghavan P, Ilavenil S, et al. Essential oil of four medicinal plants and protective properties in plum fruits against the spoilage bacteria and fungi. Ind Crops Prod 2019; 133: 54-62.
51. Goldman P. Herbal medicines today and the roots of modern pharmacology. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135(8_Part_1):594-600.
52. Zenk MH, Juenger M. Evolution and current status of the phytochemistry of nitrogenous compounds. Phytochemistry 2007; 68(22-24):2757-72.
53. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants. Phytomedicine 2007; 14(4):289-300.
54. Bagherzade G, Tavakoli MM, Namaei MH. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) wastages and its antibacterial activity against six bacteria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017; 7(3):227-33.
55. Mickymaray S, Al Aboody MS, Rath PK, et al. Screening and antibacterial efficacy of selected Indian medicinal plants. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016; 6(3):185-91.
56. Jancy ME, Inbathamizh L. Green synthesis and characterization of nano silver using leaf extract of Morinda Pubescens. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012; 5(Suppl 1):159-62.
57. Becker RO. Silver ions in the treatment of local infections. Met Based Drugs 1999; 6(4-5):311-4.
58. Fazeli-Nasab B, Mirzaei N. Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content in a wide range of local and imported plants. SJIMU 2018; 26(2):141-54.
59. Fazeli-Nasab B, Sirousmehr A, Mirzaei N, et al. Evaluation of total phenolic, flavenoeid content and antioxidant activity of Leaf and Fruit in 14 different genotypes of Ziziphus mauritiana L. in south of Iran. EJMP 2017; 4(4):1-14.
60. Tajkarimi M, Ibrahim SA, Cliver D. Antimicrobial herb and spice compounds in food. Food control 2010; 21(9):1199-218.
61. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods (a review). Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 94(3):223-53.
62. Mushore J, Matuvhunye M. Antibacterial properties of Mangifera indica on Staphylococcus aureus. Afr J Clin Exper Microbiol 2013; 14(2):62-74.
63. Rios JL, Recio MC, Villar A. Screening methods for natural products with antimicrobial activity: a review of the literature. J Ethnopharmacol 1988; 23(2-3):127-49.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 3-4 (2019) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Antimicrobial Biomedicine Ephedrine ethanolic Hydroalcoholic Pseudoephedrine. | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Fazeli-Nasab B, Mousavi SR. Antibacterial Activities of Ephedra sinica Herb Extract on Standard and Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Bacteriol. 2019;8(3-4):40-48.
