Application of a Stool Antigen Test to Evaluate the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Qazvin, Iran, and Necessity of Implementing New Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Bacterial Infections
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common infections acquired in the community. Study after study has shown that, H. pylori plays a major role in gastritis and gastric ulcer which is result in gastric cancer. Gastrointestinal diseases are major reasons for morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Many epidemiological studies have been done up to now indicated the predominant serious prevalence of H. pylori. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional survey is to assess the incidence of H. pylori in Qazvin province, Iran.
Methods: A sero-epidemiological study was carried out in Qazvin, Iran. H. pylori was diagnosed using a commercially available stool antigen test (HpSA). The H. pylori CARD Test is a rapid immune chromatography assay (ICA) test that uses a monoclonal anti-H. pylori antibody on a strip for the detection of H. pylori infections in stool specimens.
Results: In the current study the overall infection rate was calculated approximately near to 52% that is remarkable (224 out of 434 patients).
Conclusion: Accordingly, dedicating attention to further studies on the development of new strategies in order to treat and manage this bacterium through methods like Phage therapies, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and focusing on the use of microbiomes are suggested.
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8. Taye B, Enquselassie F, Tsegaye A, et al. Effect of early and current Helicobacter pylori infection on the risk of anaemia in 6.5-year-old Ethiopian children. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15(1):1-2.
9. Alshareef SA, Rayis DA, Adam I, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection, gestational diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance among pregnant Sudanese women. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11(1):1-5.
10. Ferenc S, Gnus J, Kościelna M, et al. High antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori and its effect on tailored and empiric eradication of the organism in Lower Silesia, Poland. Helicobacter 2017; 22(2):e12365.
11. Kabir S. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in faeces by culture, PCR and enzyme immunoassay. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50(12):1021-9.
12. Allaker RP, Young KA, Hardie JM,et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori at oral and gastrointestinal sites in children: evidence for possible oral-to-oral transmission. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51(4):312-7.
13. Klein PD, Malaty HM, Martin RF, et al. Noninvasive detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in clinical practice: The 13 C urea breath test. Am J Gastroenterol (Springer Nature) 1996 ;91(4).
14. Megraud F, Lehours Ph. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. American Society for Microbiology 2007; 20: 280-322.
15. Chey WD, Wong BC. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2007; 102:1808.
16. Brown LM, Thomas TL, Ma JL, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in rural China: demographic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31(3):638-45.
17. Dang BN, Graham DY. Hepatology. Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance: a WHO high priority? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:383.
18. Pourakbari B, Ghazi M, Mahmoudi S, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection by invasive and noninvasive tests. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44(3):795-8.
19. Khedmat H, Karbasi-Afshar R, Agah S, et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection in the general population: A Middle Eastern perspective. Caspian J Intern Med 2013; 4(4):745.
20. Moosazadeh M, Lankarani KB, Afshari M. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among children and adults of Iran. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:48.
21. Sheykh AH, Ghasemi BR, Moosavi H. Comparison of prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in urban and rural areas of Qazvin. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2004; 32:8.
22. Hajaga MA, Sheikholslami H, Esmaeili R. Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori infection in different endoscopic lesions of patients in Qazvin Bouali Sina hospital J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2005; 9:68-70.
23. Malekzadeh R, Derakhshan MH, Malekzadeh Z. Gastric cancer in Iran: epidemiology and risk factors. Arch Iran Med 2009; 12:576-83.
24. Ghadimi R, Taheri H, Suzuki S, et al. Host and environmental factors for gastric cancer in Babol, the Caspian Sea Coast, Iran. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007; 16(3):192-5.
25. Böhmer CJ, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Kuipers EJ, et al. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among inhabitants and healthy employees of institutes for the intellectually disabled. Am J Gastroenterol (Springer Nature) 1997; 92(6).
26. Alborzi A, Soltani J, Pourabbas B, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children (south of Iran). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 54(4):259-61.
27. Falsafi T, Valizadeh N, Sepehr S, et al. Application of a stool antigen test to evaluate the incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents from Tehran, Iran. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12(9):1094-7.
28. Nouraie M, Latifi‐Navid S, Rezvan H, et al. Childhood hygienic practice and family education status determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Iran. Helicobacter 2009; 14(1):40-6.
29. tkinson NS, Braden B. Helicobacter pylori infection: diagnostic strategies in primary diagnosis and after therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 61:19-24.
30. Gisbert JP, Pajares J. Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Helicobacter 2004;9: 347-368.
31. McNulty CA, Lehours P, Megraud F. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2 011; 16:10-18.
32. Yuan Y, Padol IT, Hunt R. Peptic ulcer disease today. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 80.
33. Kesli R, Gokturk HS, Erbayrak M, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic values of the 3 different stool antigen tests for the noninvasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Investig Med 2010; 58(8):982-6.
34. Calvet X, Sanfeliu I, Musulen E, et al. Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori diagnostic methods in patients with liver cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16(7):1283-9.
35. Korkmaz H, Kesli R, Karabagli P, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of five different stool antigen tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2013; 18(5):384-91.
36. Haggerty TD, Perry S, Sanchez L, et al. Significance of transiently positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results in detection of Helicobacter pylori in stool samples from children. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(5):2220-3.
37. Vitor JM, Vale F. Alternative therapies for Helicobacter pylori: probiotics and phytomedicine. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2011; 63:153-164.
38. Khodadad A, Farahmand F, Najafi M, et al. Probiotics for the treatment of pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Iran J Pediatr 2013; 23(1):79.
39. Park SK, Park DI, Choi JS, et al. The effect of probiotics on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Hepato-gastroenterology 2007; 54(79):2032-6.
40. Velin D, Michetti P. Immunology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Digestion 2006; 73:116-23.
41. Permin H, Andersen L. Inflammation, immunity, and vaccines for Helicobacter infection. Helicobacter 2005; 10:21-5.
42. Kamiji MM, de Oliveira R. Non-antibiotic therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Exp Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:973-81.
2. Demiray E, Yılmaz Ö, Şarkış C, et al. Comparison of invasive methods and two different stool antigen tests for diagnosis of H pylori infection in patients with gastric bleeding. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2006; 12(26):4206.3.
3. Cid TP,. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 18: 12-17.
4. Kalali B, Mejías-Luque R, Javaheri A, et al. H. pylori virulence factors: influence on immune system and pathology. Mediators Inflamm 2014 1;2014.
5. Khalilpour A, Santhanam A, Lee CW, ,et al. Antigenic proteins of Helicobacter pylori of potential diagnostic value. Asian Pac J Cancer 2013; 14(3):1635-42.
6. Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, De Deyn ML, et al. A meta‐analysis of the association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and hyperemesis gravidarum. Helicobacter 2018 ;23(1):e12455.
7. Nabipour I, Vahdat K, Jafari SM, et al. The association of metabolic syndrome and Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006; 5(1):1-6.
8. Taye B, Enquselassie F, Tsegaye A, et al. Effect of early and current Helicobacter pylori infection on the risk of anaemia in 6.5-year-old Ethiopian children. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15(1):1-2.
9. Alshareef SA, Rayis DA, Adam I, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection, gestational diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance among pregnant Sudanese women. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11(1):1-5.
10. Ferenc S, Gnus J, Kościelna M, et al. High antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori and its effect on tailored and empiric eradication of the organism in Lower Silesia, Poland. Helicobacter 2017; 22(2):e12365.
11. Kabir S. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in faeces by culture, PCR and enzyme immunoassay. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50(12):1021-9.
12. Allaker RP, Young KA, Hardie JM,et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori at oral and gastrointestinal sites in children: evidence for possible oral-to-oral transmission. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51(4):312-7.
13. Klein PD, Malaty HM, Martin RF, et al. Noninvasive detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in clinical practice: The 13 C urea breath test. Am J Gastroenterol (Springer Nature) 1996 ;91(4).
14. Megraud F, Lehours Ph. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. American Society for Microbiology 2007; 20: 280-322.
15. Chey WD, Wong BC. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2007; 102:1808.
16. Brown LM, Thomas TL, Ma JL, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in rural China: demographic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31(3):638-45.
17. Dang BN, Graham DY. Hepatology. Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance: a WHO high priority? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:383.
18. Pourakbari B, Ghazi M, Mahmoudi S, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection by invasive and noninvasive tests. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44(3):795-8.
19. Khedmat H, Karbasi-Afshar R, Agah S, et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection in the general population: A Middle Eastern perspective. Caspian J Intern Med 2013; 4(4):745.
20. Moosazadeh M, Lankarani KB, Afshari M. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among children and adults of Iran. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:48.
21. Sheykh AH, Ghasemi BR, Moosavi H. Comparison of prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in urban and rural areas of Qazvin. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2004; 32:8.
22. Hajaga MA, Sheikholslami H, Esmaeili R. Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori infection in different endoscopic lesions of patients in Qazvin Bouali Sina hospital J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2005; 9:68-70.
23. Malekzadeh R, Derakhshan MH, Malekzadeh Z. Gastric cancer in Iran: epidemiology and risk factors. Arch Iran Med 2009; 12:576-83.
24. Ghadimi R, Taheri H, Suzuki S, et al. Host and environmental factors for gastric cancer in Babol, the Caspian Sea Coast, Iran. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007; 16(3):192-5.
25. Böhmer CJ, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Kuipers EJ, et al. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among inhabitants and healthy employees of institutes for the intellectually disabled. Am J Gastroenterol (Springer Nature) 1997; 92(6).
26. Alborzi A, Soltani J, Pourabbas B, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children (south of Iran). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 54(4):259-61.
27. Falsafi T, Valizadeh N, Sepehr S, et al. Application of a stool antigen test to evaluate the incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents from Tehran, Iran. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12(9):1094-7.
28. Nouraie M, Latifi‐Navid S, Rezvan H, et al. Childhood hygienic practice and family education status determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Iran. Helicobacter 2009; 14(1):40-6.
29. tkinson NS, Braden B. Helicobacter pylori infection: diagnostic strategies in primary diagnosis and after therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 61:19-24.
30. Gisbert JP, Pajares J. Stool antigen test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Helicobacter 2004;9: 347-368.
31. McNulty CA, Lehours P, Megraud F. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2 011; 16:10-18.
32. Yuan Y, Padol IT, Hunt R. Peptic ulcer disease today. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 80.
33. Kesli R, Gokturk HS, Erbayrak M, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic values of the 3 different stool antigen tests for the noninvasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Investig Med 2010; 58(8):982-6.
34. Calvet X, Sanfeliu I, Musulen E, et al. Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori diagnostic methods in patients with liver cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16(7):1283-9.
35. Korkmaz H, Kesli R, Karabagli P, et al. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of five different stool antigen tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2013; 18(5):384-91.
36. Haggerty TD, Perry S, Sanchez L, et al. Significance of transiently positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results in detection of Helicobacter pylori in stool samples from children. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(5):2220-3.
37. Vitor JM, Vale F. Alternative therapies for Helicobacter pylori: probiotics and phytomedicine. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2011; 63:153-164.
38. Khodadad A, Farahmand F, Najafi M, et al. Probiotics for the treatment of pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Iran J Pediatr 2013; 23(1):79.
39. Park SK, Park DI, Choi JS, et al. The effect of probiotics on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Hepato-gastroenterology 2007; 54(79):2032-6.
40. Velin D, Michetti P. Immunology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Digestion 2006; 73:116-23.
41. Permin H, Andersen L. Inflammation, immunity, and vaccines for Helicobacter infection. Helicobacter 2005; 10:21-5.
42. Kamiji MM, de Oliveira R. Non-antibiotic therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Exp Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:973-81.
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| Issue | Vol 10 No 1-2 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Helicobacter pylori Stool Antigen Test Therapeutic strategies | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rahimi S, Sadeghi H, Gholamzadeh Khoei S, Bakht M. Application of a Stool Antigen Test to Evaluate the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Qazvin, Iran, and Necessity of Implementing New Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Bacterial Infections. J Med Bacteriol. 2021;10(1,2):53-62.
