Determination of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Patients with COVID-19
-
Nasim Kazemi Noraldinvand
,
Haniyeh Bashizadehfakhar
,
Forouzan Rostami
,
Shaghyegh Rangraz
,
Parnian Sadat Shahidi
Abstract
Background: In 2019, the first cases of an acute respiratory infectious disease were announced in the city of Wuhan, China. In places where the speed of transmission and the resulting high prevalence and death from this virus is high, it is important to find things that help prevent and reduce the symptoms and complications of the disease, one of these things. Things are serum levels of vitamin D. As a result of this study, serum levels of vitamin D were measured in patients with Covid-19.
Methods: From December to March of 1400, 100 samples of people hospitalized in Khurshid laboratory were examined to identify the RNA of the Covid-19 virus by Real Time PCR method and at the same time to check the serum levels of vitamin D. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: The average age of the patients was between 12.45 and 40.8 years. Comparison the two Covid-19 positive and negative groups in terms of symptoms, it was found that the patients with RH positive had more positive PCR percentage and a significant difference was reported between RH positive and Covid-19 (p=0.006). In comparing the relationship between disease symptoms and the rate of PCR positive reports of gastrointestinal symptoms, history of significant disease, cough, fever, a significant difference was reported (p<0.001). Also, 50% of the samples were PCR positive. Based on the t-test, a significant difference was reported between the serum levels of vitamin D and Covid-19 (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that the vitamin D is an acceptable protective factor against Covid-19 infection and its deficiency increases the probability of infection.
1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223):497-506.
2. Cashman KD, Vitamin D. deficiency: defining, prevalence, causes, and strategies of addressing. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:14-29.
3. McIntosh K, Hirsch M, Bloom A. Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19): Epidemiology, virology, and prevention. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 25(2):263-70.
4. Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education website. http://behdasht. gov.ir/. Accessed May 4, 2020.
5. Rhodes J, Dunstan F, Laird E. COVID-19 mortality increases with northerly latitude after adjustment for age suggesting a link with ultraviolet and vitamin D. BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health 2020; 3(1): bmjnph-2020-000110.
6. Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arch intern Med 2009; 169(4):384-90.
7. Zdrenghea MT, Makrinioti H, Bagacean C, et al, Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Rev Med Virolog 2017; 27(1):e1909.
8. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 2020; 395(10229):1033-4.
9. Corman V , Landt O. Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-CoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020; 20:153-64.
10. Chu DKW, Pan Y, Cheng SMS, et al. Molecular diagnosis of a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV) causing an outbreak of pneumonia. Clin Chem 2020; 45:632-44.
11. Moghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Ebrahimi M, et al. Vitamin D sufficiency,a Dat least 30ng/ml reduced risk for adverse clinical out comes in patients with COVID-19 infection. Plos one 2020; 15(9):e0239799.
12. Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, et al. Association of vitamin D status and therclinical characteristics with COVID -19 test results. Netw open 2020; 3(9):e2019722.
13. Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic. Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention, Rev Endocer Metab Disorf 2017; 18(2):153-65.
14. Kohlmeier M. Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency to slow the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2020; 25(4):671-80.
15. Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian population: a systematic review and eta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci 2018; 43(2): 125-139 (Persian).
16. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8):727–33.
17. Mangin M, Sinha R, Fincher K. Inflammation and vitamin D: the infection connection. Inflamm Res 2014; 63(10):803-19.
18. Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Mattila V, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men. J Infect Dis 2010; 202(5): 809-14.
19. D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12(5):1359.
20. Munshi R, Hussein MH, Toraih EA, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID-19 pateint. J Med Virol 2021; 93(2):733-740.
21. Hosack T, Baktash V, Mandal AK, et al. Prognostic implications of vitamin D in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60(1):549-50.
22. Aygun H. Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection- induced multiple organ damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393(7):1157-60.
23. Chandran M, Maung AC, Mithal A, et al. Vitamin D in COVID-19: dousing the fire or averting the storm?–A perspective from the Asia-Pacific. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2020; 6(3):97-105.
24. Im JH, Je YS, Baek J, et al. Nutritional status of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:390-3.
25. Yea K, Tangb F, Liaoc X, et al. Does serum vitamin d level affect covid-19 infection and its severity?-a case-control study. Am Coll Nutrition 2020; 105:25-32.
26. Ghasemian R, Shamshirian A, Heydari K, et al. The Role of vitamin D in the age of Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis along with an ecological approach. MedRxiv 2020; 125:263-77.
27. Azadeh H, Saeedi M, Larijani LV, et al. Serum vitamin d concentrations in Covid-19 patients. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2021; 31(95):30-36.
28. Baktash V, Hosack T, Patel N, et al. Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19. Postgrad Med J 2020.
29. Alipio M. Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID19). Available at SSRN 3571484. 2020.
30. D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARSCoV. Nutrients 2020; 12(5):1359.
31. Nikoonejad A, Shafizadeh Arjomandi A, Dodangeh S, et al. Comparison of Serum Level of Vitamin D3 in Covid-19 Patients and Non-Infected Individuals. Avicenna J Clin Med 2021; 28(1):13-19.
32. Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X, et al. Clinical characteristics of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in Jiangsu Province: A multicenter descriptive study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(15):706-712.
33. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395: 507-13.
34. Kazeminia M, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, et al. Fever and cough are two important factors in identifying patients with the Covid-19: A Meta-Analysis. Military med j 2020; 22(2):193-202.
35. Jin X, Lian JS, Hu JH, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut 2020; 69(6):1002-9.
36. Mehrtash B, Siahoosh MB. A review on epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of covid-19 infection in order to guide policy making and promotion of knowledge, attitude and practice of the society associated with COVID-19: A Validity Review. JRUMS 2021; 19(11) :1195-1224.
37. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323(11):1061-9.
38. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 105:12-25.
39. Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, et al. Characteristics of Covid-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect 2020; 25:145-52.
40. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology 2020: 200274.
41. Cooling L. Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:801-70.
42. Bodmer W. Genetic characterization of human populations: from ABO to a genetic map of the British people. Genetics 2015; 199:267-79.
43. Abdollahi A, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi M, Mehrtash V, et al. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 vulnerability association with ABO/Rh blood types. Iran J Pathology 2020; 15:156.
44. De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, et al. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:523-34.
45. Anstee DJ. The relationship between blood groups and disease. Blood 2010; 115:4635-43.
46. Latz CA, DeCarlo C, Boitano L, et al. Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Ann Hematolog 2020; 99:2113-8.
47. Atalla E, Zhang R, Shehadeh F, et al. Clinical presentation, course, and risk factors associated with mortality in a severe outbreak of Covid-19 in Rhode Island, USA, April–June 2020. Pathogens 2021; 10:8.
48. Mohammadi M, Rajabnia M, Abdehagh M. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Covid-19 in adults: A review article. Sci J KUMS. 2020; 25(4):42-55.
49. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020; 25:2000045.
50. Aparna P, Muthathal S, Nongkynrih B, et al. K. Vitamin D deficiency in India. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7(2):324-30.
51. Thacher TD, Clarke BL. Vitamin D insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86(1): 50-60.
2. Cashman KD, Vitamin D. deficiency: defining, prevalence, causes, and strategies of addressing. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:14-29.
3. McIntosh K, Hirsch M, Bloom A. Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19): Epidemiology, virology, and prevention. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 25(2):263-70.
4. Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education website. http://behdasht. gov.ir/. Accessed May 4, 2020.
5. Rhodes J, Dunstan F, Laird E. COVID-19 mortality increases with northerly latitude after adjustment for age suggesting a link with ultraviolet and vitamin D. BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health 2020; 3(1): bmjnph-2020-000110.
6. Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arch intern Med 2009; 169(4):384-90.
7. Zdrenghea MT, Makrinioti H, Bagacean C, et al, Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Rev Med Virolog 2017; 27(1):e1909.
8. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 2020; 395(10229):1033-4.
9. Corman V , Landt O. Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-CoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020; 20:153-64.
10. Chu DKW, Pan Y, Cheng SMS, et al. Molecular diagnosis of a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV) causing an outbreak of pneumonia. Clin Chem 2020; 45:632-44.
11. Moghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Ebrahimi M, et al. Vitamin D sufficiency,a Dat least 30ng/ml reduced risk for adverse clinical out comes in patients with COVID-19 infection. Plos one 2020; 15(9):e0239799.
12. Meltzer DO, Best TJ, Zhang H, et al. Association of vitamin D status and therclinical characteristics with COVID -19 test results. Netw open 2020; 3(9):e2019722.
13. Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic. Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention, Rev Endocer Metab Disorf 2017; 18(2):153-65.
14. Kohlmeier M. Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency to slow the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2020; 25(4):671-80.
15. Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian population: a systematic review and eta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci 2018; 43(2): 125-139 (Persian).
16. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(8):727–33.
17. Mangin M, Sinha R, Fincher K. Inflammation and vitamin D: the infection connection. Inflamm Res 2014; 63(10):803-19.
18. Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Mattila V, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men. J Infect Dis 2010; 202(5): 809-14.
19. D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12(5):1359.
20. Munshi R, Hussein MH, Toraih EA, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID-19 pateint. J Med Virol 2021; 93(2):733-740.
21. Hosack T, Baktash V, Mandal AK, et al. Prognostic implications of vitamin D in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60(1):549-50.
22. Aygun H. Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection- induced multiple organ damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393(7):1157-60.
23. Chandran M, Maung AC, Mithal A, et al. Vitamin D in COVID-19: dousing the fire or averting the storm?–A perspective from the Asia-Pacific. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2020; 6(3):97-105.
24. Im JH, Je YS, Baek J, et al. Nutritional status of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:390-3.
25. Yea K, Tangb F, Liaoc X, et al. Does serum vitamin d level affect covid-19 infection and its severity?-a case-control study. Am Coll Nutrition 2020; 105:25-32.
26. Ghasemian R, Shamshirian A, Heydari K, et al. The Role of vitamin D in the age of Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis along with an ecological approach. MedRxiv 2020; 125:263-77.
27. Azadeh H, Saeedi M, Larijani LV, et al. Serum vitamin d concentrations in Covid-19 patients. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2021; 31(95):30-36.
28. Baktash V, Hosack T, Patel N, et al. Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19. Postgrad Med J 2020.
29. Alipio M. Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID19). Available at SSRN 3571484. 2020.
30. D’Avolio A, Avataneo V, Manca A, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARSCoV. Nutrients 2020; 12(5):1359.
31. Nikoonejad A, Shafizadeh Arjomandi A, Dodangeh S, et al. Comparison of Serum Level of Vitamin D3 in Covid-19 Patients and Non-Infected Individuals. Avicenna J Clin Med 2021; 28(1):13-19.
32. Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X, et al. Clinical characteristics of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in Jiangsu Province: A multicenter descriptive study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(15):706-712.
33. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395: 507-13.
34. Kazeminia M, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, et al. Fever and cough are two important factors in identifying patients with the Covid-19: A Meta-Analysis. Military med j 2020; 22(2):193-202.
35. Jin X, Lian JS, Hu JH, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut 2020; 69(6):1002-9.
36. Mehrtash B, Siahoosh MB. A review on epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of covid-19 infection in order to guide policy making and promotion of knowledge, attitude and practice of the society associated with COVID-19: A Validity Review. JRUMS 2021; 19(11) :1195-1224.
37. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323(11):1061-9.
38. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 105:12-25.
39. Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, et al. Characteristics of Covid-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect 2020; 25:145-52.
40. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, et al. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology 2020: 200274.
41. Cooling L. Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:801-70.
42. Bodmer W. Genetic characterization of human populations: from ABO to a genetic map of the British people. Genetics 2015; 199:267-79.
43. Abdollahi A, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi M, Mehrtash V, et al. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 vulnerability association with ABO/Rh blood types. Iran J Pathology 2020; 15:156.
44. De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, et al. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:523-34.
45. Anstee DJ. The relationship between blood groups and disease. Blood 2010; 115:4635-43.
46. Latz CA, DeCarlo C, Boitano L, et al. Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Ann Hematolog 2020; 99:2113-8.
47. Atalla E, Zhang R, Shehadeh F, et al. Clinical presentation, course, and risk factors associated with mortality in a severe outbreak of Covid-19 in Rhode Island, USA, April–June 2020. Pathogens 2021; 10:8.
48. Mohammadi M, Rajabnia M, Abdehagh M. Gastrointestinal manifestations of Covid-19 in adults: A review article. Sci J KUMS. 2020; 25(4):42-55.
49. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020; 25:2000045.
50. Aparna P, Muthathal S, Nongkynrih B, et al. K. Vitamin D deficiency in India. J Family Med Prim Care 2018; 7(2):324-30.
51. Thacher TD, Clarke BL. Vitamin D insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86(1): 50-60.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmb.v12i2.15620 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Covid-19 Vitamin D Real time PCR | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Kazemi Noraldinvand N, Bashizadehfakhar H, Rostami F, Rangraz S, Shahidi PS. Determination of Serum Vitamin D Levels in Patients with COVID-19. J Med Bacteriol. 2024;12(2):9-18.
