Relationship between Blood Groups and the Risk of Covid-19 Infection; a Cohort Study
-
Mohamad Mahjoor
,
Abolfazl Askari
,
Mansoor Khaledi
,
Hamed Afkhami
,
Hamed Sadeghi-dehsahraei
,
Javad Arabpour
,
Javad Fathi
,
Amir Valizadeh
,
Mohammad Esmaeil Amini
,
Mohammad Esmkhani
,
Reza Safarinia
,
Zahra Mottaghiyan
Abstract
Background: ABO blood types are not known to cause diseases directly, but they can be vulnerable and surrender to diseases and health problems. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility to COVID-19 in individuals with different blood groups at different ages.
Methods: An electronic health record was used in this retrospective cohort study at Shahid Beheshti Hospital. We studied 858 patients who were referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, we identified 434 of them as COVID-19 patients using RT-PCR. An analysis of the electronic record involved collecting retrospective laboratory data and demographic information, including age, sex, and blood type. Next, we examined the differences between the ABO blood groups of COVID-19 patients and the control group (1991 case). We used SPSS26 for statistical computations. Data were scrutinizeed with the χ2 test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically outstanding.
Results: Based on the distribution of ABO blood groups in 434 COVID-19 patients, it was revealed that 288 of them were male and 146 were female, and the majority of them were in their third decade of life. A total of 159 patients (36.6%) had type B blood, 116 had type A (26.7%), 109 had type O (25.1%), and 50 had type AB (11.5%). COVID-19 patients had a higher percentage of type B and AB blood than the control group.
Conclusion: Our study found that the frequency ratio of blood group B was remarkably higher in patients than in the control group, which indicates that the blood group B may play a pivotal role in COVID-19 disease.
1. Lvov DK, Alkhovsky SV. Source of the COVID-19 pandemic: ecology and genetics of coronaviruses (Betacoronavirus: Coronaviridae) SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (subgenus Sarbecovirus), and MERS-CoV (subgenus Merbecovirus). Voprosy virusologii 2020; 65(2):62-70.
2. Bohn MK, Hall A, Sepiashvili L, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19: mechanisms underlying disease severity and progression. Physiology 2020; 35(5):288-301.
3. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. Jama 2020; 324(8):782-93.
4. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine 2020.
5. Goel R, Bloch EM, Pirenne F, et al. ABO blood group and COVID‐19: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID‐19 working group. Vox sanguinis 2021.
6. Choi YJ, Park JY, Lee HS, et al. Variable effects of underlying diseases on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. PLoSONE 2021; 16(7).
7. RH P, MF T. Disorders of Childhood Development and Psychopathology. 3rd Edition ed2018.
8. Sacco RL, Benjamin EJ, Broderick JP, et al. Risk factors. Stroke 1997; 28(7):1507-17.
9. Zhang Y, Garner R, Salehi S, et al. Association between ABO blood types and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), genetic associations, and underlying molecular mechanisms: a literature review of 23 studies. Annals of Hematology 2021:1-10.
10. Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on patients with COVID-19. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2020:1-8.
11. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama 2020; 323(11):1061-9.
12. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 2020; 75(7):1730-41.
13. Cao M, Zhang D, Wang Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shanghai, China. MedRxiv 2020.
14. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Pub Health 2020; 8:152.
15. Rubin SJ, Falkson SR, Degner NR, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California. J Clin Trans Sci 2021;5(1).
16. Riccardo F, Ajelli M, Andrianou XD, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases and estimates of the reproductive numbers 1 month into the epidemic, Italy, 28 January to 31 March 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020; 25(49):2000790.
17. Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020;369.
18. Hu L, Chen S, Fu Y, et al. Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(16):2089-98.
19. Feng Z, Li J, Yao S, et al. The use of adjuvant therapy in preventing progression to severe pneumonia in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter data analysis. medRxiv 2020.
20. Qu R, Ling Y, Zhang Yhz, et al. Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease‐19. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1533-41.
21. Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID‐19. Diabetes/Metabol Res Rev 2020; 36(7):e3319.
22. Wolff D, Nee S, Hickey NS, Marschollek M. Risk factors for Covid-19 severity and fatality: a structured literature review. Infection 2021; 49(1):15-28.
23. Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shen M, et al. Comorbid diabetes mellitus was associated with poorer prognosis in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. MedRxiv 2020.
24. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 2020; 28(7):1195-9.
25. Wu BB, Gu DZ, Yu JN, et al. Association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection, severity and demise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Gen Evol 2020; 84:104485.
26. Storry J, Olsson ML. The ABO blood group system revisited: a review and update. Immunohematology 2009; 25(2):48.
27. Cooling L. Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28(3):801-70.
28. Cheng Y, Cheng G, Chui C, et al. ABO blood group and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA 2005; 293(12):1447-51.
29. Lebiush M, Rannon L, Kark J. The relationship between epidemic influenza A (H1N1) and ABO blood groups. Epidemiol Infect 1981; 87(1):139-46.
30. Mackenzie J, Fimmel P. The effect of ABO blood groups on the incidence of epidemic influenza and on the response to live attenuated and detergent split influenza virus vaccines. Epidemiol Infect 1978; 80(1):21-30.
31. Aranha C, Patel V, Bhor V, et al. Cycle threshold values in RT‐PCR to determine dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load: An approach to reduce the isolation period for COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93(12):6794-7.
32. Tom MR, Mina MJ. To interpret the SARS-CoV-2 test, consider the cycle threshold value. Clin Infect Dis 2020.
33. Mitra R, Mishra N, Rath GP. Blood groups systems. Ind J Anaesthesia 2014; 58(5):524.
34. Vasan SK, Rostgaard K, Majeed A, et al. ABO blood group and risk of thromboembolic and arterial disease: a study of 1.5 million blood donors. Circulation 2016;133(15):1449-57.
35. Amundadottir L, Kraft P, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Nature Gen 2009; 41(9):986-90.
36. Wu Y, Feng Z, Li P, Yu Q. Relationship between ABO blood group distribution and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020; 509:220-3.
37. Owen R. Karl Landsteiner and the first human marker locus. Genetics 2000; 155(3):995-8.
38. Lesky E. Viennese serological research about the year 1900: its contribution to the development of clinical medicine. Bulletin New York Academy Med 1973;49(2):100.
39. Liu N, Zhang T, Ma L, et al. The impact of ABO blood group on COVID-19 infection risk and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Reviews 2021; 48:100785.
40. Abegaz SB. Human ABO blood groups and their associations with different diseases. BioMed Res Intern 2021; 2021.
41. Jing W, Zhao S, Liu J, Liu M. ABO blood groups and hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open 2020; 10(1):e034114.
42. Boren T, Falk P, Roth KA, et al. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 1993; 262(5141):1892-5.
43. Lindesmith L, Moe C, Marionneau S, et al. Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection. Nature Med 2003; 9(5):548-53.
44. Giannis D, Ziogas IA, Gianni P. Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past. J Clin Virol 2020; 127:104362.
45. Hosseini P, Rahimi H, Najafabadi MM, et al. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: Lessons from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and H1N1 Infection. Infection 2021; 9:10.
46. Gérard C, Maggipinto G, Minon JM. COVID‐19 and ABO blood group: another viewpoint. British J Haematol 2020.
47. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, et al. Association between ABO blood groups and risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia. British J Haematol 2020.
48. Leaf RK, Al‐Samkari H, Brenner SK, et al. ABO phenotype and death in critically ill patients with COVID‐19. British J Haematol 2020.
49. Göker H, Karakulak EA, Demiroğlu H, et al. The effects of blood group types on the risk of COVID-19 infection and its clinical outcome. Turkish J Med Sci 2020; 50(4):679-83.
50. Abdollahi A, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi M, Mehrtash V, et al. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 vulnerability association with ABO/Rh blood types. Iranian J Pathology 2020;15(3):156.
51. Zeng X, Fan H, Lu D, et al. Association between ABO blood groups and clinical outcome of coronavirus disease 2019: Evidence from two cohorts. Medrxiv 2020.
52. Guillon P, Clément M, Sébille V, et al. Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies. Glycobiology 2008; 18(12):1085-93.
53. Sedighimehr N, Fathi J, Hadi N, et al. Rehabilitation, a necessity in hospitalized and discharged people infected with COVID-19: a narrative review. Physical Ther Rev 2021; 6(3): 202-10.
2. Bohn MK, Hall A, Sepiashvili L, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19: mechanisms underlying disease severity and progression. Physiology 2020; 35(5):288-301.
3. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. Jama 2020; 324(8):782-93.
4. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine 2020.
5. Goel R, Bloch EM, Pirenne F, et al. ABO blood group and COVID‐19: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID‐19 working group. Vox sanguinis 2021.
6. Choi YJ, Park JY, Lee HS, et al. Variable effects of underlying diseases on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. PLoSONE 2021; 16(7).
7. RH P, MF T. Disorders of Childhood Development and Psychopathology. 3rd Edition ed2018.
8. Sacco RL, Benjamin EJ, Broderick JP, et al. Risk factors. Stroke 1997; 28(7):1507-17.
9. Zhang Y, Garner R, Salehi S, et al. Association between ABO blood types and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), genetic associations, and underlying molecular mechanisms: a literature review of 23 studies. Annals of Hematology 2021:1-10.
10. Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on patients with COVID-19. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2020:1-8.
11. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama 2020; 323(11):1061-9.
12. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 2020; 75(7):1730-41.
13. Cao M, Zhang D, Wang Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shanghai, China. MedRxiv 2020.
14. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Pub Health 2020; 8:152.
15. Rubin SJ, Falkson SR, Degner NR, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California. J Clin Trans Sci 2021;5(1).
16. Riccardo F, Ajelli M, Andrianou XD, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases and estimates of the reproductive numbers 1 month into the epidemic, Italy, 28 January to 31 March 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020; 25(49):2000790.
17. Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020;369.
18. Hu L, Chen S, Fu Y, et al. Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in 323 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(16):2089-98.
19. Feng Z, Li J, Yao S, et al. The use of adjuvant therapy in preventing progression to severe pneumonia in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter data analysis. medRxiv 2020.
20. Qu R, Ling Y, Zhang Yhz, et al. Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease‐19. J Med Virol 2020; 92(9):1533-41.
21. Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID‐19. Diabetes/Metabol Res Rev 2020; 36(7):e3319.
22. Wolff D, Nee S, Hickey NS, Marschollek M. Risk factors for Covid-19 severity and fatality: a structured literature review. Infection 2021; 49(1):15-28.
23. Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shen M, et al. Comorbid diabetes mellitus was associated with poorer prognosis in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. MedRxiv 2020.
24. Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity 2020; 28(7):1195-9.
25. Wu BB, Gu DZ, Yu JN, et al. Association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection, severity and demise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Gen Evol 2020; 84:104485.
26. Storry J, Olsson ML. The ABO blood group system revisited: a review and update. Immunohematology 2009; 25(2):48.
27. Cooling L. Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28(3):801-70.
28. Cheng Y, Cheng G, Chui C, et al. ABO blood group and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA 2005; 293(12):1447-51.
29. Lebiush M, Rannon L, Kark J. The relationship between epidemic influenza A (H1N1) and ABO blood groups. Epidemiol Infect 1981; 87(1):139-46.
30. Mackenzie J, Fimmel P. The effect of ABO blood groups on the incidence of epidemic influenza and on the response to live attenuated and detergent split influenza virus vaccines. Epidemiol Infect 1978; 80(1):21-30.
31. Aranha C, Patel V, Bhor V, et al. Cycle threshold values in RT‐PCR to determine dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load: An approach to reduce the isolation period for COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol 2021; 93(12):6794-7.
32. Tom MR, Mina MJ. To interpret the SARS-CoV-2 test, consider the cycle threshold value. Clin Infect Dis 2020.
33. Mitra R, Mishra N, Rath GP. Blood groups systems. Ind J Anaesthesia 2014; 58(5):524.
34. Vasan SK, Rostgaard K, Majeed A, et al. ABO blood group and risk of thromboembolic and arterial disease: a study of 1.5 million blood donors. Circulation 2016;133(15):1449-57.
35. Amundadottir L, Kraft P, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Nature Gen 2009; 41(9):986-90.
36. Wu Y, Feng Z, Li P, Yu Q. Relationship between ABO blood group distribution and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clinica Chimica Acta 2020; 509:220-3.
37. Owen R. Karl Landsteiner and the first human marker locus. Genetics 2000; 155(3):995-8.
38. Lesky E. Viennese serological research about the year 1900: its contribution to the development of clinical medicine. Bulletin New York Academy Med 1973;49(2):100.
39. Liu N, Zhang T, Ma L, et al. The impact of ABO blood group on COVID-19 infection risk and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Reviews 2021; 48:100785.
40. Abegaz SB. Human ABO blood groups and their associations with different diseases. BioMed Res Intern 2021; 2021.
41. Jing W, Zhao S, Liu J, Liu M. ABO blood groups and hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open 2020; 10(1):e034114.
42. Boren T, Falk P, Roth KA, et al. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 1993; 262(5141):1892-5.
43. Lindesmith L, Moe C, Marionneau S, et al. Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection. Nature Med 2003; 9(5):548-53.
44. Giannis D, Ziogas IA, Gianni P. Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past. J Clin Virol 2020; 127:104362.
45. Hosseini P, Rahimi H, Najafabadi MM, et al. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: Lessons from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and H1N1 Infection. Infection 2021; 9:10.
46. Gérard C, Maggipinto G, Minon JM. COVID‐19 and ABO blood group: another viewpoint. British J Haematol 2020.
47. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, et al. Association between ABO blood groups and risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia. British J Haematol 2020.
48. Leaf RK, Al‐Samkari H, Brenner SK, et al. ABO phenotype and death in critically ill patients with COVID‐19. British J Haematol 2020.
49. Göker H, Karakulak EA, Demiroğlu H, et al. The effects of blood group types on the risk of COVID-19 infection and its clinical outcome. Turkish J Med Sci 2020; 50(4):679-83.
50. Abdollahi A, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi M, Mehrtash V, et al. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 vulnerability association with ABO/Rh blood types. Iranian J Pathology 2020;15(3):156.
51. Zeng X, Fan H, Lu D, et al. Association between ABO blood groups and clinical outcome of coronavirus disease 2019: Evidence from two cohorts. Medrxiv 2020.
52. Guillon P, Clément M, Sébille V, et al. Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies. Glycobiology 2008; 18(12):1085-93.
53. Sedighimehr N, Fathi J, Hadi N, et al. Rehabilitation, a necessity in hospitalized and discharged people infected with COVID-19: a narrative review. Physical Ther Rev 2021; 6(3): 202-10.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmb.v12i2.15622 | |
| Keywords | ||
| COVID-19 Endocrine Disorder Metabolic Syndrome Coronaviru | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mahjoor M, Askari A, Khaledi M, Afkhami H, Sadeghi-dehsahraei H, Arabpour J, Fathi J, Valizadeh A, Amini ME, Esmkhani M, Safarinia R, Mottaghiyan Z. Relationship between Blood Groups and the Risk of Covid-19 Infection; a Cohort Study. J Med Bacteriol. 2024;12(2):26-33.
