Impact of Nano-Pomegranate Seed Oil on the Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 Genes in A549 Cells Sensitized with Alternaria alternata Cellular Extract
-
Seyed Mehdi Joghataei
,
Donya Nikaein
,
Ghazale Arshadi Nezhad
,
Alireza Khosravi
,
Iradj Ashrafi Tamai
Abstract
Background: Allergies impact nearly 30% of the world's population, with fungi being remarkable contributors to allergic sensitivity. Exposure to fungi allergens can trigger allergic reactions and severe asthma has been linked to hypersensitivity to fungi such as Aspergillus and Alternaria spp. Alternaria alternata, a common allergen in respiratory allergic diseases, releases proteases that initiate Th2 responses, causing inflammatory cytokine production.
Objectives: Given the anti-inflammatory properties of Pomegranate Seed Oil (PSO) and the potential of Nano-emulsions (NEs) to enhance drug delivery, this study investigates the impact of PSO-loaded NEs on TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression in A549 cells sensitized with A. alternata extract (ALT).
Methods: A. alternata (ATCC 6663) was cultured and processed to obtain a cytosolic extract, with protein content measured using the Bradford method. Using a Soxhlet apparatus, PSO was extracted from cleaned, dried seeds and analyzed by gas chromatography. Alginate nanospheres containing PSO were prepared through a modified water-in-oil emulsification method and characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. A549 cells were cultured and treated with various ALT, PSO, and PSO-loaded NEs combinations. Following treatment, RNA was extracted, and real-time RT-PCR was conducted to analyze TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression.
Results: All treatment groups showed an increase in TLR2 gene expression compared to the control, with the ALT combined with PSO (P+ALT) causing the highest increase at 4.82-fold. Free PSO (P) and free NEs (NP) resulted in 3.92-fold and 2.93-fold increases, respectively, while the ALT and PSO-loaded NEs (NP+ALT) led to 2.26-fold and 2.50-fold increases. For TLR4 gene expression, the ALT treatment increased expression by 2.29-fold, but treatments containing PSO (P, P+ALT, NP+ALT) reduced TLR4 expression, with P+ALT and NP+ALT causing 0.45-fold and 0.61-fold decreases.
Conclusion: The study confirms that herbal extracts like PSO selectively upregulate TLR2 and downregulate TLR4, suggesting targeted therapeutic potential in inflammation and immune modulation. PSO-loaded NEs demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects, supporting their development for treating inflammatory diseases and warranting further research into their molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications.
1. Crameri R, Garbani M, Rhyner C, et al. Fungi: the neglected allergenic sources. Allergy 2014; 69(2):176-85.
2. Pfavayi Lorraine T, Sibanda Elopy N, Mutapi F. The pathogenesis of fungal-related diseases and allergies in the african population: The state of the evidence and knowledge gaps. Inte Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181(4):257-69.
3. Moran G, Arevalo E, Barria M, et al. Expression of Toll-Like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 in response to Aspergillus Fumigatus in murine models of allergic airway inflammation. Int J Immunol Immunother 2015; 2:015.
4. Dang EV, Lei S, Radkov A, et al. Secreted fungal virulence effector triggers allergic inflammation via TLR4. Nature 2022; 608(7921):161-7.
5. Kong Y, Kim M, Jin HS, et al. Association with genetic polymorphism of rs117033348 and allergic disease in korean population. Biomedical Science Letters 2021; 27(3):177-81.
6. Wendlandt EB, Graff JW, Gioannini TL, et al. The role of MicroRNAs miR-200b and miR-200c in TLR4 signaling and NF-κB activation. Innate Immunity 2012; 18(6):846-55.
7. Bellocchio S, Montagnoli C, Bozza S, et al. The contribution of the Toll-Like/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in-vivo. J Immunol 2004; 172(5):3059-69.
8. Netea MG, Brown GD, Kullberg BJ, et al. An integrated model of the recognition of Candida albicans by the innate immune system. Nature Rev Microbiol 2008; 6(1):67-78.
9. DuBuske LM. twenty-four–hour duration of effect of intranasal corticosteroids for seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms: clinical evidence and relevance. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26(4):287-92.
10. Wardlaw AJ, Rick EM, Pur Ozyigit L, et al. New perspectives in the diagnosis and management of allergic fungal airway disease. J Asthma Allergy. 2021; 14:557-73.
11. Rupani H, Fong WCG, Kyyaly A, et al. Recent Insights into the management of inflammation in asthma. J Inflammation Res 2021; 14:4371-97.
12. Saparbekova A, Kantureyeva G, Kudasova D, et al. Potential of phenolic compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by-product with significant antioxidant and therapeutic effects: A narrative review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022:103553.
13. Toschi A, Piva A, Grilli E. Phenol-rich botanicals modulate oxidative stress and epithelial integrity in intestinal epithelial cells. Animals 2022; 12(17):2188.
14. Tian M, Bai Y, Tian H, et al. The chemical composition and health-promoting benefits of vegetable oils—a review. Molecules 2023; 28(17):6393.
15. Placha D, Jampilek J. Chronic inflammatory diseases, anti-inflammatory agents and their delivery nanosystems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13(1):64.
16. Lu LY, Liu Y, Zhang ZF, et al. Pomegranate seed oil exerts synergistic effects with trans-resveratrol in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. BPB 2015; 38(10):1658-62.
17. Talkar SS, Kharkar PB, Patravale VB. Docetaxel loaded pomegranate seed oil based nanostructured lipid carriers: a potential alternative to current formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21(8):295.
18. Mota Ferreira L, Gehrcke M, Ferrari Cervi V, et al. Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions with selective antiglioma activity: optimization and evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative effects on mononuclear cells. Pharm Biol 2016; 54(12):2968-77.
19. Mohamed HRH, Tulbah FSA, El-ghor AA, et al. Suppression of tumor growth and apoptosis induction by pomegranate seed nano-emulsion in mice bearing solid Ehrlich carcinoma cells. Scientific Reports 2023; 13(1):5525.
20. Ibarrola I, Suárez-Cervera M, Arilla MC, et al. Production profile of the major allergen Alt a 1 in Alternaria alternata cultures. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93(6):589-93.
21. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72(1):248-54.
22. Fernandes L, Pereira JAC, Lopéz-Cortés I, et al. Physicochemical changes and antioxidant activity of juice, skin, pellicle and seed of pomegranate (cv. Mollar de Elche) at different stages of ripening. FTB 2015; 53(4):397-406.
23. Abbasi H, Rezaei K, Rashidi L. Extraction of essential oils from the seeds of pomegranate using organic solvents and supercritical CO2. JAOCS 2008; 85(1):83-9.
24. Paques JP, van der Linden E, van Rijn CJ, et al. Preparation methods of alginate nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 209:163-71.
25. Paques JP, van der Linden E, van Rijn CJM, et al. Alginate submicron beads prepared through w/o emulsification and gelation with CaCl2 nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids 2013; 31(2):428-34.
26. Mohammadi A, Jafari SM, Esfanjani AF, et al. Application of nano-encapsulated olive leaf extract in controlling the oxidative stability of soybean oil. Food Chemistry 2016; 190:513-9.
27. Rahnemoon P, Sarabi-Jamab M, Bostan A, et al. Nano-encapsulation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial properties on coated chicken meat. Food Bioscience. 2021; 43:101331.
28. Basiri L, Rajabzadeh G, Bostan A. Physicochemical properties and release behavior of Span 60/Tween 60 niosomes as vehicle for α-Tocopherol delivery. LWT 2017; 84:471-8.
29. Saikia S, Mahnot NK, Mahanta CL. Optimisation of phenolic extraction from Averrhoa carambola pomace by response surface methodology and its microencapsulation by spray and freeze drying. Food Chemistry 2015; 171:144-52.
30. Auwerx J. The human leukemia cell line, THP-1: A multifacetted model for the study of monocyte-macrophage differentiation. Experientia 1991; 47(1):22-31.
31. Schink A, Neumann J, Leifke AL, et al. Screening of herbal extracts for TLR2- and TLR4-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. PlosOne. 2018; 13(10):e0203907.
32. Buchele V, Abendroth B, Büttner-Herold M, et al. Targeting inflammatory T helper cells via retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t is ineffective to prevent allo-response-driven colitis. Front immunol 2018; 9:1138.
33. Schink AK. Herbal extracts and their active compounds as modulators of the inflammatory signaling pathways of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4: Dissertation, Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 2018; 2018.
34. Hong Byun E, Fujimura Y, Yamada K, et al. TLR4 signaling inhibitory pathway induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate through 67-kda laminin receptor. J Immunol 2010; 185(1):33-45.
35. Hong Byun E, Fujimura Y, Yamada K, et al. TLR4 signaling inhibitory pathway induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate through 67-kDa laminin receptor. J Immunol 2010; 185(1):33-45.
36. Du L, Li J, Zhang X, et al. Pomegranate peel polyphenols inhibits inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via the suppression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation. Food Nutr Res 2019; 63.
37. Moosavi Z, Khosravi AR, Sasani F, et al. Evaluation of the correlation between tissue reaction and cytokines patterns induced by Alternaria alternata in mice. Comp Clin Pathol 2010; 19(6):607-10.
38. Ashoka GB, Shivanna MB. Metabolite profiling, in vitro and in silico assessment of antibacterial and anticancer activities of Alternaria alternata endophytic in Jatropha heynei. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205(2):61.
39. Tapfuma KI, Uche-Okereafor N, Sebola TE, et al. Cytotoxic activity of crude extracts from Datura stramonium's fungal endophytes against A549 lung carcinoma and UMG87 glioblastoma cell lines and LC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolite profiling. BMC Comp Alt Med 2019; 19(1):330.
40. Murai H, Okazaki S, Hayashi H, et al. Alternaria extract activates autophagy that induces IL-18 release from airway epithelial cells. BBRC 2015; 464(4):969-74.
41. Mohamed SS, Fayed AHM. Anti-obesity synergistic effect of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) and arabic gum (AG) in albino rats. Int J Vet Sci 2020; 9(1):84-9.
42. Al-Zoreky N. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 134(3):244-8.
43. MacRedmond R, Singhera G, Attridge S, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid improves airway hyper-reactivity in overweight mild asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40(7):1071-8.
44. Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chemistry 2019; 12(7):908-31.
45. Mogilevsky G, Hartman O, Emmons ED, et al. Bottom-up synthesis of anatase nanoparticles with graphene domains. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6(13):10638-48.
46. Sangeetha S, Deepika K, Thrishala B, et al. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of sodium alginate nanospheres containing ofloxacin. Int J Appl Pharm 2010; 2(4):1-3.
47. Maghsoudi A, Yazdian F, Shahmoradi S, et al. Curcumin-loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles: Optimization and anticariogenic activity against Streptococcus mutans. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017; 75:1259-67.
48. Lotfipour F, Mirzaeei S, Maghsoodi M. Evaluation of the effect of CaCl2 and alginate concentrations and hardening time on the characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus loaded alginate beads using response surface analysis. Adv Pharm Bull 2012; 2(1):71-8.
49. Al-Zoreky NS. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 134(3):244-8.
50. Greenwood R, Kendall K. Selection of suitable dispersants for aqueous suspensions of zirconia and titania powders using acoustophoresis. J Eur Ceram 1999; 19(4):479-88.
51. Borumand MR. Preparation and characterization of sodium alginate nanoparticles containing ICD-85 (venom derived peptides). IJIAS 2013; 4(3):534-42.
52. Sarei F, Dounighi NM, Zolfagharian H, et al. Alginate nanoparticles as a promising adjuvant and vaccine delivery system. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75(4):442-9.
53. Isa T, Zakaria ZAB, Rukayadi Y, et al. Antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin-encapsulated cockle shells calcium carbonate (aragonite) nanoparticles and its biocompatability in macrophage J774A.1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17(5):713.
54. Comunian TA, da Silva Anthero AG, Bezerra EO, et al. Encapsulation of pomegranate seed oil by emulsification followed by spray drying: evaluation of different biopolymers and their effect on particle properties. Food Bioprocess Technol 2020; 13(1):53-66.
2. Pfavayi Lorraine T, Sibanda Elopy N, Mutapi F. The pathogenesis of fungal-related diseases and allergies in the african population: The state of the evidence and knowledge gaps. Inte Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181(4):257-69.
3. Moran G, Arevalo E, Barria M, et al. Expression of Toll-Like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 in response to Aspergillus Fumigatus in murine models of allergic airway inflammation. Int J Immunol Immunother 2015; 2:015.
4. Dang EV, Lei S, Radkov A, et al. Secreted fungal virulence effector triggers allergic inflammation via TLR4. Nature 2022; 608(7921):161-7.
5. Kong Y, Kim M, Jin HS, et al. Association with genetic polymorphism of rs117033348 and allergic disease in korean population. Biomedical Science Letters 2021; 27(3):177-81.
6. Wendlandt EB, Graff JW, Gioannini TL, et al. The role of MicroRNAs miR-200b and miR-200c in TLR4 signaling and NF-κB activation. Innate Immunity 2012; 18(6):846-55.
7. Bellocchio S, Montagnoli C, Bozza S, et al. The contribution of the Toll-Like/IL-1 receptor superfamily to innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens in-vivo. J Immunol 2004; 172(5):3059-69.
8. Netea MG, Brown GD, Kullberg BJ, et al. An integrated model of the recognition of Candida albicans by the innate immune system. Nature Rev Microbiol 2008; 6(1):67-78.
9. DuBuske LM. twenty-four–hour duration of effect of intranasal corticosteroids for seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms: clinical evidence and relevance. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26(4):287-92.
10. Wardlaw AJ, Rick EM, Pur Ozyigit L, et al. New perspectives in the diagnosis and management of allergic fungal airway disease. J Asthma Allergy. 2021; 14:557-73.
11. Rupani H, Fong WCG, Kyyaly A, et al. Recent Insights into the management of inflammation in asthma. J Inflammation Res 2021; 14:4371-97.
12. Saparbekova A, Kantureyeva G, Kudasova D, et al. Potential of phenolic compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by-product with significant antioxidant and therapeutic effects: A narrative review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022:103553.
13. Toschi A, Piva A, Grilli E. Phenol-rich botanicals modulate oxidative stress and epithelial integrity in intestinal epithelial cells. Animals 2022; 12(17):2188.
14. Tian M, Bai Y, Tian H, et al. The chemical composition and health-promoting benefits of vegetable oils—a review. Molecules 2023; 28(17):6393.
15. Placha D, Jampilek J. Chronic inflammatory diseases, anti-inflammatory agents and their delivery nanosystems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13(1):64.
16. Lu LY, Liu Y, Zhang ZF, et al. Pomegranate seed oil exerts synergistic effects with trans-resveratrol in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. BPB 2015; 38(10):1658-62.
17. Talkar SS, Kharkar PB, Patravale VB. Docetaxel loaded pomegranate seed oil based nanostructured lipid carriers: a potential alternative to current formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21(8):295.
18. Mota Ferreira L, Gehrcke M, Ferrari Cervi V, et al. Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions with selective antiglioma activity: optimization and evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative effects on mononuclear cells. Pharm Biol 2016; 54(12):2968-77.
19. Mohamed HRH, Tulbah FSA, El-ghor AA, et al. Suppression of tumor growth and apoptosis induction by pomegranate seed nano-emulsion in mice bearing solid Ehrlich carcinoma cells. Scientific Reports 2023; 13(1):5525.
20. Ibarrola I, Suárez-Cervera M, Arilla MC, et al. Production profile of the major allergen Alt a 1 in Alternaria alternata cultures. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93(6):589-93.
21. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72(1):248-54.
22. Fernandes L, Pereira JAC, Lopéz-Cortés I, et al. Physicochemical changes and antioxidant activity of juice, skin, pellicle and seed of pomegranate (cv. Mollar de Elche) at different stages of ripening. FTB 2015; 53(4):397-406.
23. Abbasi H, Rezaei K, Rashidi L. Extraction of essential oils from the seeds of pomegranate using organic solvents and supercritical CO2. JAOCS 2008; 85(1):83-9.
24. Paques JP, van der Linden E, van Rijn CJ, et al. Preparation methods of alginate nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 209:163-71.
25. Paques JP, van der Linden E, van Rijn CJM, et al. Alginate submicron beads prepared through w/o emulsification and gelation with CaCl2 nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids 2013; 31(2):428-34.
26. Mohammadi A, Jafari SM, Esfanjani AF, et al. Application of nano-encapsulated olive leaf extract in controlling the oxidative stability of soybean oil. Food Chemistry 2016; 190:513-9.
27. Rahnemoon P, Sarabi-Jamab M, Bostan A, et al. Nano-encapsulation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract and evaluation of its antimicrobial properties on coated chicken meat. Food Bioscience. 2021; 43:101331.
28. Basiri L, Rajabzadeh G, Bostan A. Physicochemical properties and release behavior of Span 60/Tween 60 niosomes as vehicle for α-Tocopherol delivery. LWT 2017; 84:471-8.
29. Saikia S, Mahnot NK, Mahanta CL. Optimisation of phenolic extraction from Averrhoa carambola pomace by response surface methodology and its microencapsulation by spray and freeze drying. Food Chemistry 2015; 171:144-52.
30. Auwerx J. The human leukemia cell line, THP-1: A multifacetted model for the study of monocyte-macrophage differentiation. Experientia 1991; 47(1):22-31.
31. Schink A, Neumann J, Leifke AL, et al. Screening of herbal extracts for TLR2- and TLR4-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. PlosOne. 2018; 13(10):e0203907.
32. Buchele V, Abendroth B, Büttner-Herold M, et al. Targeting inflammatory T helper cells via retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t is ineffective to prevent allo-response-driven colitis. Front immunol 2018; 9:1138.
33. Schink AK. Herbal extracts and their active compounds as modulators of the inflammatory signaling pathways of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4: Dissertation, Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 2018; 2018.
34. Hong Byun E, Fujimura Y, Yamada K, et al. TLR4 signaling inhibitory pathway induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate through 67-kda laminin receptor. J Immunol 2010; 185(1):33-45.
35. Hong Byun E, Fujimura Y, Yamada K, et al. TLR4 signaling inhibitory pathway induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate through 67-kDa laminin receptor. J Immunol 2010; 185(1):33-45.
36. Du L, Li J, Zhang X, et al. Pomegranate peel polyphenols inhibits inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via the suppression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation. Food Nutr Res 2019; 63.
37. Moosavi Z, Khosravi AR, Sasani F, et al. Evaluation of the correlation between tissue reaction and cytokines patterns induced by Alternaria alternata in mice. Comp Clin Pathol 2010; 19(6):607-10.
38. Ashoka GB, Shivanna MB. Metabolite profiling, in vitro and in silico assessment of antibacterial and anticancer activities of Alternaria alternata endophytic in Jatropha heynei. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205(2):61.
39. Tapfuma KI, Uche-Okereafor N, Sebola TE, et al. Cytotoxic activity of crude extracts from Datura stramonium's fungal endophytes against A549 lung carcinoma and UMG87 glioblastoma cell lines and LC-QTOF-MS/MS based metabolite profiling. BMC Comp Alt Med 2019; 19(1):330.
40. Murai H, Okazaki S, Hayashi H, et al. Alternaria extract activates autophagy that induces IL-18 release from airway epithelial cells. BBRC 2015; 464(4):969-74.
41. Mohamed SS, Fayed AHM. Anti-obesity synergistic effect of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) and arabic gum (AG) in albino rats. Int J Vet Sci 2020; 9(1):84-9.
42. Al-Zoreky N. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 134(3):244-8.
43. MacRedmond R, Singhera G, Attridge S, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid improves airway hyper-reactivity in overweight mild asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40(7):1071-8.
44. Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chemistry 2019; 12(7):908-31.
45. Mogilevsky G, Hartman O, Emmons ED, et al. Bottom-up synthesis of anatase nanoparticles with graphene domains. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6(13):10638-48.
46. Sangeetha S, Deepika K, Thrishala B, et al. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of sodium alginate nanospheres containing ofloxacin. Int J Appl Pharm 2010; 2(4):1-3.
47. Maghsoudi A, Yazdian F, Shahmoradi S, et al. Curcumin-loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles: Optimization and anticariogenic activity against Streptococcus mutans. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017; 75:1259-67.
48. Lotfipour F, Mirzaeei S, Maghsoodi M. Evaluation of the effect of CaCl2 and alginate concentrations and hardening time on the characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus loaded alginate beads using response surface analysis. Adv Pharm Bull 2012; 2(1):71-8.
49. Al-Zoreky NS. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit peels. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 134(3):244-8.
50. Greenwood R, Kendall K. Selection of suitable dispersants for aqueous suspensions of zirconia and titania powders using acoustophoresis. J Eur Ceram 1999; 19(4):479-88.
51. Borumand MR. Preparation and characterization of sodium alginate nanoparticles containing ICD-85 (venom derived peptides). IJIAS 2013; 4(3):534-42.
52. Sarei F, Dounighi NM, Zolfagharian H, et al. Alginate nanoparticles as a promising adjuvant and vaccine delivery system. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75(4):442-9.
53. Isa T, Zakaria ZAB, Rukayadi Y, et al. Antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin-encapsulated cockle shells calcium carbonate (aragonite) nanoparticles and its biocompatability in macrophage J774A.1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17(5):713.
54. Comunian TA, da Silva Anthero AG, Bezerra EO, et al. Encapsulation of pomegranate seed oil by emulsification followed by spray drying: evaluation of different biopolymers and their effect on particle properties. Food Bioprocess Technol 2020; 13(1):53-66.
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| Issue | Vol 12 No 4 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Alternaria alternata Pomegranate seed oil Nano-emulsions asthma Anti-inflammatory. | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Joghataei SM, Nikaein D, Arshadi Nezhad G, Khosravi A, Ashrafi Tamai I. Impact of Nano-Pomegranate Seed Oil on the Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 Genes in A549 Cells Sensitized with Alternaria alternata Cellular Extract. J Med Bacteriol. 2024;:17-30.
