Molecular and Histopathological Diagnosis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Dairy Cattle Farm Associated with an Abortion Storm
,
Abstract
Background: Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) which caused by a pestivirus, results in huge economic losses through abortion, weight loss, drop in milk production and even death of the affected animal. Reproductive disorders due to the virus infection are common in unvaccinated herds which are predominant causes of dairy cattle exclusion. The present study diagnosed BVD infection associated with an abortion storm in a farm following vaccination cessation. In addition, the present report investigated a variety of the disease complications other than abortion and it emphasized on the elimination of all the risk factors before any interruption in vaccination plan.
Methods: The specimens were collected from 66 aborted fetuses and examined by real-time RT-PCR and histopathological methods for the presence of BVD virus.
Results: Real-time RT-PCR detected BVDV in 47.14% of the aborted fetuses. The lesions of BVD were visible in the samples obtained from aborted fetuses.
Conclusion: In the studied herd, we could see several complications of BVD such as infertility, abortion and agalactia. Each of the disorder has significant economic losses on dairy cattle herds, so it is necessary to implement control programs such as biosecurity and monitoring before any decision to stop vaccination.
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3. Jiang L, Zhang G, Wang P, et al. Simultaneous detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) using recombinase polymerase amplification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1-11.
4. Yarnall M, Thrusfield MV. Engaging veterinarians and farmers in eradicating bovine viral diarrhoea: a systematic review of economic impact. Vet Rec 2017; 181(13):1-8.
5. Lanyon SR, Reichel MP. Understanding the impact and control of bovine viral diarrhoea in cattle populations. Springer Sci Rev 2013; 1(1-2):85-93.
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7. Barbosa JQ, Figueroa APC, Salas SS, et al. High prevalence of persistently infected animals from bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15(1):1-8.
8. Newcomer BW, Walz PH, Givens MD, et al. Efficacy of bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccination to prevent reproductive disease: a meta‐analysis. Theriogenolog 2015; 83(3):360‐5.
9. Lanyon SR, Reichel MP. Bovine viral diarrhea virus ('Pestivirus') in Australia: to control or not to control. Aust Vet J 2014; 92(8):1-6.
10. Erfani AM, Bakhshesh M, Fallah MH, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus-1 in Zanjan Province, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51(2):313-19.
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12. Tulu D, Deresa B, Begna F, et al. Review of common causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. J Vet Med Anim Health 2017; 10(1):1-13.
13. Yitagesu E, Jackson W, Kebede N, et al. Prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected calves among pastoral, peri-urban, and mixed-crop livestock farms in central and Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17(1):1-10.
14. Ridpath JF, Chiang YW, Waldbillig J, et al. Stability of bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen in ear punch samples collected from bovine fetuses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21(3):346-9.
15. Rypula K, Ploneckzka-Janeczko K, Czopowicz M, et al. Occurrence of BVDV infection and the presence of potential risk factors in dairy cattle herds in Poland. Animals 2020; 10(2):1-11.
16. Arnoux S, Bidan F, Damman A, et al. To vaccinate or not: Impact of bovine viral diarrhea in French cow-calf herds. Vaccines 2021; 9(10): 1-15.
17. Terrestrial manual, 2024. Bovine Viral Diarrhea. In: World organization for animal health. France, Chapter: 3.4.7, pp. 1-36.
18. Namavari M, Hosseini MH, Mansourian M, et al. Testing for inactive abortive agents in cattle in Iran. J Vet Res 2012; 16:147-53.
19. Lee K, Chol E, Jung J, et al. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in aborted bovine fetuses in Korea. J Vet Sci Technol 2018; 9(2):1-4.
20. Heuer C, Healy A, Zerbini C. Economic effects of exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus on dairy herds in New Zealand. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90(12):5428-38.
21. Burgstaller J, Obritzhauser W, Kuchling S, et al. The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus on fertility in dairy cows: two case-control studies in the province of Styria, Austria. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 2016; 129(3-4):103-10.
22. Fray MD, Paton DJ, Alenius S. The effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus on cattle reproduction in relation to disease control. Anim Reprod Sci 2000; 60-61:615-27.
23. Badii A, Mousakhani F, Zolfaghari A, et al. Prevalence of BVD in bovine aborted fetuses of dairy cattle herds by RT- PCR in Tehran province. J Clin Vet Res 2011; 2(2):68-73.
24. Barrett DJ, More SJ, Graham DA, et al. Considerations on BVD eradication for the Irish livestock industry. Iran Vet J 2011; 64(1):1-10.
25. Bjorkman C, Alenius S, Emanuelsson U, et al. Neospora caninum and bovine virus diarrhea virus infections in Swedish dairy cows in relation to abortion. Vet J 2000; 159(2):201-6.
26. Casaro APE, Kendrick JW, Kennedy PC. Response of the bovine fetus to bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus. Am J Vet Res 1971; 32(10):1543-62.
27. Daves L, Yimer N, Arshad SS, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection and associated risk factors in cattle in Selangor, Malaysia. Open Vet J 2016; 1:22-8.
28. Fernandez A, Hewicker M, Tarutwein G, et al. Viral antigen distribution in the central nervous system of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Pathol 1989; 26(1):26-32.
29. Fulton RW. Host response to bovine viral diarrhea virus and interactions with infectious agents in the feedlot and breeding herd. Biologicals 2013; 41(1):31-8.
30. Ghaemmaghami Sh, Ahmadi M, Deniko A, et al. Serological study of BVDV and BHV-1 infections in industrial dairy herds of Arak, Iran. J Vet Sci Technol 2013; 5(2):53-61.
31. Ghazi AA, Ahmed WM, Mahmoud MA, et al. Prevalence of infection bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea viruses in female buffaloes with reproductive disorders and parasitic infections. Int J Dairy Sci 2007; 2(4):339-47.
32. Grooms DL. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Prac 2004; 20(1):5-19.
33. Hashemi Tabar GR, Haghparast A, Naseri Z. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies and antigen among the aborted cows in industrial dairy cattle herds in Mashhad area in Iran. Arch Razi Inst 2011; 66(1):17-23.
34. Houe H, Lindberg A. Characteristics in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of relevance to control. Prev Vet Med 2005; 72(1-2):55-73.
35. Larsson B, Jacobsson SO, Bengtsson B, et al. Congenital curly haircoat as a symptom of persistent infection with bovine virus diarrhea virus in calves. Arch Virol Suppl 1991; 3:143-8.
36. Lucchese L, Benkirane A, Hakimi I, et al. Seroprevalence study of the main causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Morocco. Vet Ital 2016; 52(1):13-9.
37. Mainare-Jaime RC, Berzal-Herranz B, Arias P, et al. Epidemiological pattern and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in a non- vaccinated dairy cattle population from the Asturias region of Spain. Prev Vet Med 2001; 52(1):63-73.
38. Moennig V, Becher P. Control of bovine viral diarrhea. J Pathog 2018; 7(1):1-12.
39. Montgomery DL, Olphen AV, Campen HV, et al. The fetal brain in bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected calves: lesions, distribution, and cellular heterogeneity of viral antigen at 190 days gestation. Vet Pthol 2008; 45(3):288-96.
40. Murray RD. Lesions in aborted fetuses and placenta associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Arch Virol Suppl 1991; 3:217-24.
41. Njiro S, Kidanemariam A, Tsotetsi A, et al. A study of some infectious causes of reproductive disorders in cattle owned by resource-poor farmers in Gauteng Province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2011; 82(4):213-8.
42. Pinior B, Garcia S, Minviel JJ, et al. Epidemiological factors and mitigation measures influencing production losses in cattle due to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection: A meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66(6):2426-39.
43. Stahl K, Bjorkman C, Emanuelson U, et al. A prospective study of the effect of Neospora caninum and BVDV infections on bovine abortions in a dairy herd in Arequipa, Peru. Prev Vet Med 2006; 75(3-4):177-88.
44. Talafha AQ, Hirche SM, Ababneh MN, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in dairy herds in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41(4):499-506.
2. Mee JF. Invited review: Bovine abortion- incidence, risk factors and causes. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58(52):23-33.
3. Jiang L, Zhang G, Wang P, et al. Simultaneous detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) using recombinase polymerase amplification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1-11.
4. Yarnall M, Thrusfield MV. Engaging veterinarians and farmers in eradicating bovine viral diarrhoea: a systematic review of economic impact. Vet Rec 2017; 181(13):1-8.
5. Lanyon SR, Reichel MP. Understanding the impact and control of bovine viral diarrhoea in cattle populations. Springer Sci Rev 2013; 1(1-2):85-93.
6. Cabell E. Bovine abortion: aetiology and investigations. In Prac 2007; 29(8):455-63.
7. Barbosa JQ, Figueroa APC, Salas SS, et al. High prevalence of persistently infected animals from bovine viral diarrhea in Colombian cattle. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15(1):1-8.
8. Newcomer BW, Walz PH, Givens MD, et al. Efficacy of bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccination to prevent reproductive disease: a meta‐analysis. Theriogenolog 2015; 83(3):360‐5.
9. Lanyon SR, Reichel MP. Bovine viral diarrhea virus ('Pestivirus') in Australia: to control or not to control. Aust Vet J 2014; 92(8):1-6.
10. Erfani AM, Bakhshesh M, Fallah MH, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus-1 in Zanjan Province, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51(2):313-19.
11. Kaveh AA, Merat E, Samani S, et al. Infectious causes of bovine abortion in Qazvin province, Iran. Arch Razi Inst 2017; 72(4):225-30.
12. Tulu D, Deresa B, Begna F, et al. Review of common causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Ethiopia. J Vet Med Anim Health 2017; 10(1):1-13.
13. Yitagesu E, Jackson W, Kebede N, et al. Prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected calves among pastoral, peri-urban, and mixed-crop livestock farms in central and Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17(1):1-10.
14. Ridpath JF, Chiang YW, Waldbillig J, et al. Stability of bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen in ear punch samples collected from bovine fetuses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21(3):346-9.
15. Rypula K, Ploneckzka-Janeczko K, Czopowicz M, et al. Occurrence of BVDV infection and the presence of potential risk factors in dairy cattle herds in Poland. Animals 2020; 10(2):1-11.
16. Arnoux S, Bidan F, Damman A, et al. To vaccinate or not: Impact of bovine viral diarrhea in French cow-calf herds. Vaccines 2021; 9(10): 1-15.
17. Terrestrial manual, 2024. Bovine Viral Diarrhea. In: World organization for animal health. France, Chapter: 3.4.7, pp. 1-36.
18. Namavari M, Hosseini MH, Mansourian M, et al. Testing for inactive abortive agents in cattle in Iran. J Vet Res 2012; 16:147-53.
19. Lee K, Chol E, Jung J, et al. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in aborted bovine fetuses in Korea. J Vet Sci Technol 2018; 9(2):1-4.
20. Heuer C, Healy A, Zerbini C. Economic effects of exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus on dairy herds in New Zealand. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90(12):5428-38.
21. Burgstaller J, Obritzhauser W, Kuchling S, et al. The effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus on fertility in dairy cows: two case-control studies in the province of Styria, Austria. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 2016; 129(3-4):103-10.
22. Fray MD, Paton DJ, Alenius S. The effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus on cattle reproduction in relation to disease control. Anim Reprod Sci 2000; 60-61:615-27.
23. Badii A, Mousakhani F, Zolfaghari A, et al. Prevalence of BVD in bovine aborted fetuses of dairy cattle herds by RT- PCR in Tehran province. J Clin Vet Res 2011; 2(2):68-73.
24. Barrett DJ, More SJ, Graham DA, et al. Considerations on BVD eradication for the Irish livestock industry. Iran Vet J 2011; 64(1):1-10.
25. Bjorkman C, Alenius S, Emanuelsson U, et al. Neospora caninum and bovine virus diarrhea virus infections in Swedish dairy cows in relation to abortion. Vet J 2000; 159(2):201-6.
26. Casaro APE, Kendrick JW, Kennedy PC. Response of the bovine fetus to bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus. Am J Vet Res 1971; 32(10):1543-62.
27. Daves L, Yimer N, Arshad SS, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection and associated risk factors in cattle in Selangor, Malaysia. Open Vet J 2016; 1:22-8.
28. Fernandez A, Hewicker M, Tarutwein G, et al. Viral antigen distribution in the central nervous system of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Pathol 1989; 26(1):26-32.
29. Fulton RW. Host response to bovine viral diarrhea virus and interactions with infectious agents in the feedlot and breeding herd. Biologicals 2013; 41(1):31-8.
30. Ghaemmaghami Sh, Ahmadi M, Deniko A, et al. Serological study of BVDV and BHV-1 infections in industrial dairy herds of Arak, Iran. J Vet Sci Technol 2013; 5(2):53-61.
31. Ghazi AA, Ahmed WM, Mahmoud MA, et al. Prevalence of infection bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea viruses in female buffaloes with reproductive disorders and parasitic infections. Int J Dairy Sci 2007; 2(4):339-47.
32. Grooms DL. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Prac 2004; 20(1):5-19.
33. Hashemi Tabar GR, Haghparast A, Naseri Z. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies and antigen among the aborted cows in industrial dairy cattle herds in Mashhad area in Iran. Arch Razi Inst 2011; 66(1):17-23.
34. Houe H, Lindberg A. Characteristics in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of relevance to control. Prev Vet Med 2005; 72(1-2):55-73.
35. Larsson B, Jacobsson SO, Bengtsson B, et al. Congenital curly haircoat as a symptom of persistent infection with bovine virus diarrhea virus in calves. Arch Virol Suppl 1991; 3:143-8.
36. Lucchese L, Benkirane A, Hakimi I, et al. Seroprevalence study of the main causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Morocco. Vet Ital 2016; 52(1):13-9.
37. Mainare-Jaime RC, Berzal-Herranz B, Arias P, et al. Epidemiological pattern and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in a non- vaccinated dairy cattle population from the Asturias region of Spain. Prev Vet Med 2001; 52(1):63-73.
38. Moennig V, Becher P. Control of bovine viral diarrhea. J Pathog 2018; 7(1):1-12.
39. Montgomery DL, Olphen AV, Campen HV, et al. The fetal brain in bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected calves: lesions, distribution, and cellular heterogeneity of viral antigen at 190 days gestation. Vet Pthol 2008; 45(3):288-96.
40. Murray RD. Lesions in aborted fetuses and placenta associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection. Arch Virol Suppl 1991; 3:217-24.
41. Njiro S, Kidanemariam A, Tsotetsi A, et al. A study of some infectious causes of reproductive disorders in cattle owned by resource-poor farmers in Gauteng Province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2011; 82(4):213-8.
42. Pinior B, Garcia S, Minviel JJ, et al. Epidemiological factors and mitigation measures influencing production losses in cattle due to bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection: A meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66(6):2426-39.
43. Stahl K, Bjorkman C, Emanuelson U, et al. A prospective study of the effect of Neospora caninum and BVDV infections on bovine abortions in a dairy herd in Arequipa, Peru. Prev Vet Med 2006; 75(3-4):177-88.
44. Talafha AQ, Hirche SM, Ababneh MN, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in dairy herds in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41(4):499-506.
| Issue | Vol 13 No 2 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Abortion Agalactia Bovine viral diarrhea Cattle Histopathology Real-time PCR. | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Hamedi M, Paidar A. Molecular and Histopathological Diagnosis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Dairy Cattle Farm Associated with an Abortion Storm. J Med Bacteriol. 2025;13(2):16-22.
