In Vitro Investigation on Antimicrobial and Antifungal Effects of Medicinal Smoke Anbar Nesara
-
Sedigheh Mousaei
,
Mohamad Mahdi Ejtehadi
,
Zahra Esmaeili
,
Fatemeh Mahjoub
,
Maliheh Motavasselian
,
Lida Jarahi
,
Zahra Mortezaei
Abstract
Background: Bacterial antibiotic resistance is increasing, and using natural alternatives is very important. Medical smoke has been prevalent in the treatment of various diseases for many years. This study investigates the antimicrobial effect of Anbar Nesara (AN) smoke on Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.
Methods: In this study, AN smoke is considered as a case, and antibiotic and antifungal groups as controls. Standard and clinical strains of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes were prepared. The antibacterial effect of the extract was determined by diffusion in agar and micro-broth dilution.
Results: This research showed that AN smoke can effectively affect Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes at concentrations above 100 mg/ml and on Candida albicans at concentrations above 15.62 mg/ml. The most significant effects were related to the concentration above 500 mg/dL, significantly different from antibiotic discs. The most sensitive microorganism to AN smoke is Candida albicans, and the most resistant bacterium to it is Escherichia coli.
Conclusion: AN smoke has antimicrobial properties and can be considered as complementary treatment.
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10. Shafiee HA, Moravej-Salehi E. Anbarnesa: The Past Tradition, the Future Medicine. IRCMJ 2015; 17(12):e29536.
11. Hasanali S, Hamed M, Maryam B, et al. Iranian traditional medicine: Comparison of the antibacterial effect of ANNAS 0.2% and chlorhexidine 0.2%. Afr J Microbiol Res 2012; 6(15):3600-3.
12. Joharchi K, Anaraki Firouz SM, Mashhadiabbas F, et al. Wound healing and the effect of ANNAS; a new product of Anbar nesara. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2020; 15(2):e66668.
13. Ataei Moghadam S, Rostami Charati F, Akbari R, et al. Consideration antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of anbarnesa smoke ointment. J Med Chem Sci 2020; 3(3):245-53.
14. Keikha-Akher M, Shahrokhabadi K, Baharara J. Evaluation of smoke burning Anbar Nesara on changes of the gene expression of P53 and CYP2E1 in human liver cancer cells. Pejouhesh dar Pezeshki (Research in Medicine). 2021; 45(2):62-6.
15. Mousavi-Khattat M, Nourbakhshan H, Roumi M, et al. Anti-cancer Activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using extract of animal waste as a traditional medicine on mcf-7 human breast cancer cell line. J Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2020; 55:10-37.
16. Figueiredo A, Barroso J, Pedro L, et al. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: Volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Frag J 2008; 23:213-26.
17. Pothitirat W, Chomnawang MT, Supabphol R, et al. Free radical scavenging and anti-acne activities of mangosteen fruit rind extracts prepared by different extraction methods. Pharm Biol 2010; 48(2):182-6.
18. Dong S, Huang Y, Zhang R, et al. Four different methods comparison for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Sci World J 2014; 2014:694305.
19. Talebi A, Harigh E, Dehdashtian E, et al. Evaluation of the effect of smoke of Anbar Nasara (Donkey dung) extract on Staphilococcus aureus and Bacilus subtilis. J Isfahan Med Sch 2016; 34(406):1351-5.
20. Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Saremi M, Mirian M, et al. Cytotoxic evaluation of medicinal smoke "Anbar Nasara" against cancer cells (Hela & KB) and a normal cell line (L929), using MTT assay. Yafteh. 2013; 15(3):87-94.
21. Parvin N, Validi M, Banitalebi M, et al. Effect of medicinal smokes on some nosocomial infection factors. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci 2010; 12:76-83.
22. Danial K, Mehdi R, Josep C, et al. Antibacterial effect of two Persian traditional natural compounds-Anbar Nesara and Esfand-'S Fume on treatment of the bacterial vaginitis. Am J Ther 2018; 6(1):6.
23. Salar Z, MohammadiSani A. Investigating the antimicrobial effects of Nasara amber smoke on microbial strains. National Congress of Food Sciences and Industries of Iran 2015; 23.
24. Akbari Zare M. Evaluation of antibacterial effects of Female Donkey Dung (Anbar Nasara) on isolated from urine and infectious wounds of patients. Yafteh 2021; 22(4):84-95.
25. Ahmadian-Attari MM, Amrollahi Z, Momeni PS, et al. Chemical constituents of donkey dung (Anbar Nasara): Questioning the recent claims concerning therapeutic effects. nt. J Enteric 2019; 7(1):19-22.
26. Akbarizare M. GC-MS Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of an Iranian Traditional Medicinal Smoke (Anbar Nasara). JoMMID 2021; 9(3):148-55.
2. French GL. The continuing crisis in antibiotic resistance. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2010; 36:S3-S7.
3. Vráblik J, Masata J, Jedlicková A, et al. Prospective study the prevalence of different candida strains and their sensitivity to different antimycotic treatment in women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ceska Gynekol 2007; 72(1):27-32.
4. Donders GG, Sobel JD. Candida vulvovaginitis: A store with a buttery and a show window. Mycoses 2017; 60(2):70-2.
5. Mohamadi J, Havasian MR, Panahi J, et al. Antifungal drug resistance pattern of Candida. spp isolated from vaginitis in Ilam-Iran during 2013-2014. Bioinformation 2015; 11(4):203-6.
6. Hosseini SS, Ghaemi E, Niknejad F, et al. Investigation of the relationship between different Candida species and some risk factors affecting the incidence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Iran J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 22(7):13-22.
7. Katz L, Baltz RH. Natural product discovery: past, present, and future. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43(2-3):155-76.
8. Czaplewski L, Bax R, Clokie M, et al. Alternatives to antibiotics-a pipeline portfolio review. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16(2):239-51.
9. Mohagheghzadeh A, Faridi P, Shams-Ardakani M, et al. Medicinal smokes. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 108(2):161-84.
10. Shafiee HA, Moravej-Salehi E. Anbarnesa: The Past Tradition, the Future Medicine. IRCMJ 2015; 17(12):e29536.
11. Hasanali S, Hamed M, Maryam B, et al. Iranian traditional medicine: Comparison of the antibacterial effect of ANNAS 0.2% and chlorhexidine 0.2%. Afr J Microbiol Res 2012; 6(15):3600-3.
12. Joharchi K, Anaraki Firouz SM, Mashhadiabbas F, et al. Wound healing and the effect of ANNAS; a new product of Anbar nesara. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2020; 15(2):e66668.
13. Ataei Moghadam S, Rostami Charati F, Akbari R, et al. Consideration antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of anbarnesa smoke ointment. J Med Chem Sci 2020; 3(3):245-53.
14. Keikha-Akher M, Shahrokhabadi K, Baharara J. Evaluation of smoke burning Anbar Nesara on changes of the gene expression of P53 and CYP2E1 in human liver cancer cells. Pejouhesh dar Pezeshki (Research in Medicine). 2021; 45(2):62-6.
15. Mousavi-Khattat M, Nourbakhshan H, Roumi M, et al. Anti-cancer Activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using extract of animal waste as a traditional medicine on mcf-7 human breast cancer cell line. J Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2020; 55:10-37.
16. Figueiredo A, Barroso J, Pedro L, et al. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: Volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Frag J 2008; 23:213-26.
17. Pothitirat W, Chomnawang MT, Supabphol R, et al. Free radical scavenging and anti-acne activities of mangosteen fruit rind extracts prepared by different extraction methods. Pharm Biol 2010; 48(2):182-6.
18. Dong S, Huang Y, Zhang R, et al. Four different methods comparison for extraction of astaxanthin from green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Sci World J 2014; 2014:694305.
19. Talebi A, Harigh E, Dehdashtian E, et al. Evaluation of the effect of smoke of Anbar Nasara (Donkey dung) extract on Staphilococcus aureus and Bacilus subtilis. J Isfahan Med Sch 2016; 34(406):1351-5.
20. Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Saremi M, Mirian M, et al. Cytotoxic evaluation of medicinal smoke "Anbar Nasara" against cancer cells (Hela & KB) and a normal cell line (L929), using MTT assay. Yafteh. 2013; 15(3):87-94.
21. Parvin N, Validi M, Banitalebi M, et al. Effect of medicinal smokes on some nosocomial infection factors. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci 2010; 12:76-83.
22. Danial K, Mehdi R, Josep C, et al. Antibacterial effect of two Persian traditional natural compounds-Anbar Nesara and Esfand-'S Fume on treatment of the bacterial vaginitis. Am J Ther 2018; 6(1):6.
23. Salar Z, MohammadiSani A. Investigating the antimicrobial effects of Nasara amber smoke on microbial strains. National Congress of Food Sciences and Industries of Iran 2015; 23.
24. Akbari Zare M. Evaluation of antibacterial effects of Female Donkey Dung (Anbar Nasara) on isolated from urine and infectious wounds of patients. Yafteh 2021; 22(4):84-95.
25. Ahmadian-Attari MM, Amrollahi Z, Momeni PS, et al. Chemical constituents of donkey dung (Anbar Nasara): Questioning the recent claims concerning therapeutic effects. nt. J Enteric 2019; 7(1):19-22.
26. Akbarizare M. GC-MS Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of an Iranian Traditional Medicinal Smoke (Anbar Nasara). JoMMID 2021; 9(3):148-55.
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Antimicrobial effect Anbar Nesara smoke Antifungal effect Persian medicine. | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mousaei S, Ejtehadi MM, Esmaeili Z, Mahjoub F, Motavasselian M, Jarahi L, Mortezaei Z. In Vitro Investigation on Antimicrobial and Antifungal Effects of Medicinal Smoke Anbar Nesara. J Med Bacteriol. 2025;13(3):28-36.
