Molecular Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Women with Frequent Abortions
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Abstract
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the commonest cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. This research aimed at scrutinizing the Chlamydia trachomatis screening tests with vaginal samples and at investigating the correlation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the abortion incidence.
Methods: The current Cross sectional study was done at gynecology clinic of Razi Hospital in Chalus, Iran between August 2017 and January 2018. Fifty vaginal swabs were collected and detecting C. trachomatis DNA was done. Chi-square test and Independent t-test compared the variables. P <0.001 was significant.
Results: The total C. trachomatis infection prevalence was 5(10%) in endocervical swabs. A significant difference was found between duration of sexual activity and Chlamydia infection. No significant difference was detected between detection of Chlamydia l and abnormal vaginal discharged.
Conclusion: Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the women experiencing a miscarriage should be done and, if positive, they should be treated to inhibit recurrent miscarriages.
1. Moosavian M, Ghadiri A, Amirzadeh S, et al. Investigating Chlamydia trachomatis and genital mycoplasma preva-lence and apoptosis markers in infertile and fertile couples. Jundisha-pur J Microbiol 2019; 12(1):e84954.
2. Bryan ER, McLachlan RI, Rombauts L, et al. Detection of Chlamydia infection within human testicular biopsies. Hum Reprod 2019; 34(10): 1891-8.
3. World Health Organization. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Factsheets. 2019, [cited 14 June 2019]. Available from:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/.
4. Visnovsky J, Biskupska-Bodova K, Cabanova B, et al. Early Fetal Loss and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. Gynecol Obstet 2013; 3(5):67-75.
5. Witkin SS, Minis E, Athanasiou A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis the persistent pathogen. CVI 2017; 24(10): e00203-17.
6. Choi SJ, Park SD, Jang IH, et al. The prevalence of vaginal microorganisms in pregnantwomen with preterm labor and preterm birth. Ann Lab Med 2012; 32(3):194-200.
7. Olson-Chen C, Balaram K, Hackney DN. Chlamydia trachomatis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis of patients with and without infection. MCH 2018; 22: 812-21
8. Hocking JS, Geisler WM, Kong FY. Update on the epidemiology, screening, and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infectious Disease Clinics 2023; 37(2):267-88
9. Mabaso N, Ngobese N, Tinarwo P, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant women from Durban, South Africa. International journal of STD & AIDS 2022; 33(10):920-7.
10. Nunez-Foreno L, Moyano-Ariza L, Gaitan-Duarte H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid tests for sexually transmitted infections in symptomatic women. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92:24-8.
11. Meyer T. Diagnostic procedures to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Microorganisms 2016; 4: pii: E25.
12. Ahmadi A, Khodabandehloo M, Ramazanzadeh R, et al. The relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection and spontaneous abortion. J Reprod Infertil 2016; 17(2):110-6.
13. Nenoff P, Manos A, Ehrhard I, et al. Non-viral sexually transmitted infections-epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and therapy: part 2: Chlamydia and mycoplasma. Hautarzt. 2017; 68(1): 50-8.
14. Nye M, Osiecki J, Lewinski M, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae with the cobas CT/NG v2.0 test: performance compared with the BD ProbeTec CT Qx and GC Qx amplified DNA and Aptima AC2 assays.BMJ 2018; 23(5):124-32.
15. Fatholahzadeh B, Bahador A, Haghighi Hasanabad M, et al. Comparative screening of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women population in Tehran, Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2012; 14(5):289-93.
16. Joolayi F, Navidifar T, Jaafari R, et al. Comparison of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile and fertile women in Ahvaz, Iran: A casecontrol study. Int J Reprod BioMed 2017; 15( 11):713-8.
17. Aaron KJ, Griner SJ, Footman A, et al. Vaginal Swab vs Urine for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med 2023; 21(2):172-9.
18. Michou IV, Constantoulakis P, Makarounis K, et al. Molecular investigation of menstrual tissue for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis collected by women with a history of infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40(1):237-42.
19. Sattari M, Zeighami H, Peerayea S. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical smears of women with abortion. Res J Biol Sci 2008; 3(2): 214-6.
20. Silveira MF, Erbelding EJ, Ghanem KG, et al. Risk of Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: effectiveness of guidelines-based screening in identifying cases. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21(5):367-70.
21. Zhang Zh, Zong X, Bai H, et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis in Chinese female with lower reproductive tract infection: a multicenter epidemiological survey. BMC Infectious Disealow 2023; 23(1):1-11
22. Hashemi FB, Pourakbari B, Yazdi JZ. Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with cervicitis in Tehran, Iran. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 67014.
23. Taheri Beni B, Motamedi H, Ardakani MR. Genotyping of the prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis strains involved in cervical infections in women in Ahvaz, Iran. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59(Pt 9):1023-8.
24. Jenab A, Golbang N, Golbang P, et al. Diagnostic value of PCR and ELISA for Chlamydia trachomatis in a group of asymptomatic and symptomatic women in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Fertil Steril 2009; 2(4):193-8.
25. Zaeimi Yazdi J, Khorramizadeh MR, Badami N, et al. Comparative assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Iranian women with Cervicitis: A crosssectional study. Iran J Public Health 2006; 35(2):69-75.
26. Jenab A, Roghanian R, Golbang N, et al. Comparison of three methods of DNA extraction in endocervical specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis infection by spectrophotometry, agarose gel, and PCR. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2010; 58(3):227-34.
27. Bodley-Tickell AT, Olowokure B, Bhaduri S, et al. Trends in sexually transmitted infections (other than HIV) in older people: analysis of data from an enhanced surveillance system. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84(4):312-7.
28. Parish WL, Laumann EO, Cohen MS, et al. Population-based study of Chlamydia l infection in China: a hidden epidemic. JAMA 2003; 289(10):1265-73.
29. Bagheri S, RoghanianR, Golbang N, et al. Molecular evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and its relation to miscarriage. Int J Fertil Steril 2018; 12(2):152-6.
30. Baud D, Zufferey J, Hohlfeld P, et al. Performance of an automated multiplex immunofluorescence assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis immunoglobulin G. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78(3):217-9.
31. Rours GI, Duijts L, Moll HA, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy associated with preterm delivery: a population-based prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26(6):493-502.
32. Salmaan Hassan J, Al-Tamimi B, Al-Hamawandi J. Molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis In women with bad obstetric history. Medical JUBPAS 2017; 14(2):233-9.
33. Avasthi K, Garg T, Gupta S, et al. A study of prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with first trimester pregnancy losses. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2003; 46(1):133-6.
34. Bakhtiari A, Firoozjahi A. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending health centres in Babol: prevalence and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13(5):1124-31.
35. Heijne JCM, Althaus CL, Herzog SA, et al. The role of reinfection and partner notification in the efficacy of Chlamydia screening programs. J Infect 2011; 203(12):372-7.
36. Baud D, Zufferey J, Hohlfeld P, et al. Performance of an automated automated multiplex immunofluorescence assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis immunoglobulin G. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78(3):217-9.
37. Omosa-Manyonyi GS, de Kam M, Tostmann A, et al. Evaluation and optimization of the syndromic management of female genital tract infections in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Infectious Diseases 2023; 23(1):547.
38. Guiton R, Drevet JR. Viruses, bacteria and parasites: infection of the male genital tract and fertility. Basic and Clinical Andrology 2023; 33(1):19
39. Reekie J, Roberts C, Preen D. Chlamydia trachomatis and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, babies who are born small for gestational age, and stillbirth: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18:452-460.
2. Bryan ER, McLachlan RI, Rombauts L, et al. Detection of Chlamydia infection within human testicular biopsies. Hum Reprod 2019; 34(10): 1891-8.
3. World Health Organization. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Factsheets. 2019, [cited 14 June 2019]. Available from:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/.
4. Visnovsky J, Biskupska-Bodova K, Cabanova B, et al. Early Fetal Loss and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. Gynecol Obstet 2013; 3(5):67-75.
5. Witkin SS, Minis E, Athanasiou A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis the persistent pathogen. CVI 2017; 24(10): e00203-17.
6. Choi SJ, Park SD, Jang IH, et al. The prevalence of vaginal microorganisms in pregnantwomen with preterm labor and preterm birth. Ann Lab Med 2012; 32(3):194-200.
7. Olson-Chen C, Balaram K, Hackney DN. Chlamydia trachomatis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis of patients with and without infection. MCH 2018; 22: 812-21
8. Hocking JS, Geisler WM, Kong FY. Update on the epidemiology, screening, and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infectious Disease Clinics 2023; 37(2):267-88
9. Mabaso N, Ngobese N, Tinarwo P, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant women from Durban, South Africa. International journal of STD & AIDS 2022; 33(10):920-7.
10. Nunez-Foreno L, Moyano-Ariza L, Gaitan-Duarte H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid tests for sexually transmitted infections in symptomatic women. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92:24-8.
11. Meyer T. Diagnostic procedures to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Microorganisms 2016; 4: pii: E25.
12. Ahmadi A, Khodabandehloo M, Ramazanzadeh R, et al. The relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection and spontaneous abortion. J Reprod Infertil 2016; 17(2):110-6.
13. Nenoff P, Manos A, Ehrhard I, et al. Non-viral sexually transmitted infections-epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and therapy: part 2: Chlamydia and mycoplasma. Hautarzt. 2017; 68(1): 50-8.
14. Nye M, Osiecki J, Lewinski M, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae with the cobas CT/NG v2.0 test: performance compared with the BD ProbeTec CT Qx and GC Qx amplified DNA and Aptima AC2 assays.BMJ 2018; 23(5):124-32.
15. Fatholahzadeh B, Bahador A, Haghighi Hasanabad M, et al. Comparative screening of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women population in Tehran, Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2012; 14(5):289-93.
16. Joolayi F, Navidifar T, Jaafari R, et al. Comparison of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile and fertile women in Ahvaz, Iran: A casecontrol study. Int J Reprod BioMed 2017; 15( 11):713-8.
17. Aaron KJ, Griner SJ, Footman A, et al. Vaginal Swab vs Urine for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Fam Med 2023; 21(2):172-9.
18. Michou IV, Constantoulakis P, Makarounis K, et al. Molecular investigation of menstrual tissue for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis collected by women with a history of infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40(1):237-42.
19. Sattari M, Zeighami H, Peerayea S. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical smears of women with abortion. Res J Biol Sci 2008; 3(2): 214-6.
20. Silveira MF, Erbelding EJ, Ghanem KG, et al. Risk of Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: effectiveness of guidelines-based screening in identifying cases. Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21(5):367-70.
21. Zhang Zh, Zong X, Bai H, et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis in Chinese female with lower reproductive tract infection: a multicenter epidemiological survey. BMC Infectious Disealow 2023; 23(1):1-11
22. Hashemi FB, Pourakbari B, Yazdi JZ. Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis in women with cervicitis in Tehran, Iran. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 67014.
23. Taheri Beni B, Motamedi H, Ardakani MR. Genotyping of the prevalent Chlamydia trachomatis strains involved in cervical infections in women in Ahvaz, Iran. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59(Pt 9):1023-8.
24. Jenab A, Golbang N, Golbang P, et al. Diagnostic value of PCR and ELISA for Chlamydia trachomatis in a group of asymptomatic and symptomatic women in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Fertil Steril 2009; 2(4):193-8.
25. Zaeimi Yazdi J, Khorramizadeh MR, Badami N, et al. Comparative assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Iranian women with Cervicitis: A crosssectional study. Iran J Public Health 2006; 35(2):69-75.
26. Jenab A, Roghanian R, Golbang N, et al. Comparison of three methods of DNA extraction in endocervical specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis infection by spectrophotometry, agarose gel, and PCR. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2010; 58(3):227-34.
27. Bodley-Tickell AT, Olowokure B, Bhaduri S, et al. Trends in sexually transmitted infections (other than HIV) in older people: analysis of data from an enhanced surveillance system. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84(4):312-7.
28. Parish WL, Laumann EO, Cohen MS, et al. Population-based study of Chlamydia l infection in China: a hidden epidemic. JAMA 2003; 289(10):1265-73.
29. Bagheri S, RoghanianR, Golbang N, et al. Molecular evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and its relation to miscarriage. Int J Fertil Steril 2018; 12(2):152-6.
30. Baud D, Zufferey J, Hohlfeld P, et al. Performance of an automated multiplex immunofluorescence assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis immunoglobulin G. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78(3):217-9.
31. Rours GI, Duijts L, Moll HA, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy associated with preterm delivery: a population-based prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26(6):493-502.
32. Salmaan Hassan J, Al-Tamimi B, Al-Hamawandi J. Molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis In women with bad obstetric history. Medical JUBPAS 2017; 14(2):233-9.
33. Avasthi K, Garg T, Gupta S, et al. A study of prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with first trimester pregnancy losses. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2003; 46(1):133-6.
34. Bakhtiari A, Firoozjahi A. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women attending health centres in Babol: prevalence and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13(5):1124-31.
35. Heijne JCM, Althaus CL, Herzog SA, et al. The role of reinfection and partner notification in the efficacy of Chlamydia screening programs. J Infect 2011; 203(12):372-7.
36. Baud D, Zufferey J, Hohlfeld P, et al. Performance of an automated automated multiplex immunofluorescence assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis immunoglobulin G. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 78(3):217-9.
37. Omosa-Manyonyi GS, de Kam M, Tostmann A, et al. Evaluation and optimization of the syndromic management of female genital tract infections in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Infectious Diseases 2023; 23(1):547.
38. Guiton R, Drevet JR. Viruses, bacteria and parasites: infection of the male genital tract and fertility. Basic and Clinical Andrology 2023; 33(1):19
39. Reekie J, Roberts C, Preen D. Chlamydia trachomatis and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, babies who are born small for gestational age, and stillbirth: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18:452-460.
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| Issue | Vol 12 No 2 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jmb.v12i2.15621 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diagnostic Chlamydia Trachomatis PCR abortions | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Bashizadehfakhar H, Kazemirad S, Jalalian M, Rabie Pour S. Molecular Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Women with Frequent Abortions. J Med Bacteriol. 2024;12(2):19-25.
